A transcript is the only way to make video or audio content accessible to someone who is both deaf and blind. Transcripts can be converted into braille, to be read on a refreshable braille output device.
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Text blocks that are justified are aligned to both left and right margins. The spaces between words can create "rivers of white" running down the page, which can make the text difficult to read for some people.
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Do not cram alt text with keywords just to improve search engine optimization. This will hinder alt text’s true purpose: improving accessibility. Focus on describing the photo's content. Search engine optimization should not be the goal for writing good alt text.
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Plain language is communication that your audience or readers can understand the first time they hear or read it. The terminology you use will vary depending on the audience. Always aim to avoid jargon or buzzwords when possible, especially when you have a broad general audience.
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Capitalization affects how people read hashtags or how people hear them on screen readers. Use #camelCase or #PascalCase in hashtags instead of lowercase. You could have #DoctorWhoRewatch ("Doctor Who Rewatch") or #doctorwhorewatch ("doctor whore watch.")
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Alexa Heinrich's Accessible Social is a free resource for digital marketers, communication professionals, content creators, everyday social media users, and anyone who wants to learn how to make their content accessible for people with disabilities.
https://www.accessible-social.com/
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Screen reader users going through a PowerPoint presentation might quickly scan through a list of slide titles and go right to the slide they want. Avoid repeating slide titles. Instead, use unique slide titles so users can clearly understand which slide they are on currently.
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Many struggle with writing alt text for charts and other other data visualizations. Amy Cesal's "Writing Alt Text for Data Visualization" hammers home the importance of explaining the chart type, the type of data, and the reason for the chart.
https://medium.com/nightingale/writing-alt-text-for-data-visualization-2a218ef43f81
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Consider your site content that is routinely updated, like weather maps, Covid charts, or stock graphs. Screen reader users encounter maps and charts where the image has been updated but the alt text hasn't. This can lead to confusion. Always update alt text when updating images.
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Hyperlink text should make sense when read out of context. Screen reader users can navigate from link to link, and can listen to links in a list. When navigating this way, only the link is read. So "click here" or "read more" won't make sense.
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The EU Web Accessibility Directive is a law that applies in all European Union countries, as well as in countries of the European Economic Area. The directive lays out accessibility requirements for public sector websites and apps.
https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/web-accessibility
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There is not one font that will be optimal for all users with dyslexia. Experts disagree on which fonts provide the best readability. But simplicity in typefaces is critical. Ideally, use fonts that are familiar or at least easily-parsed so that they quickly become familiar.
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Color contrast affects readability on the web and in print. It is especially important for users who are low vision or for users who are colorblind. Good color contrast means all users can see your content no matter the device they’re using or the lighting of their surroundings.
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When possible, organize pages with headings to help users scan page content for what they're looking for. Statements allow you to put the keywords first. Both sighted users and screen reader users benefit if words they expect are at the front of headings.
https://www.w3.org/WAI/tutorials/page-structure/headings/
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Meryl Evans' "Why and How to Create Accessible Social Media and Website Content" introduces content creators to basic accessibility considerations for links, hashtags, emojis, alt text, transcripts, and more.
https://meryl.net/digital-content-accessibility/
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For screen readers to recognize headings, heading text can't just be body text or normal text that's been made to look bigger and bolder. It must be formatted as a heading. In Microsoft Word and Google Docs, this can be done in the styles box. In HTML, use the tags h1 through h6.
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People often ask what accessibility considerations to keep in mind when creating data visualizations. For guidance and advice, check out Sarah L. Fossheim's list of 10 things to do (or not do) when designing accessible data visualizations.
https://fossheim.io/writing/posts/accessible-dataviz-design/
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When considering rainbow text, don't forget to consider readability and legibility. Text filled with rainbows can be difficult to read. Same with complex rainbow backgrounds. Putting each word or letter in a different color of the rainbow could force readers to work harder.
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Cognitive load refers to how much working memory or short-term memory someone is using at a time. Minimizing the cognitive load it takes to use your site makes it more accessible for people with cognitive disabilities. Limit what you're asking users to remember to use your site.
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If you share images of what to do during a weather-related emergency, share that advice with blind and low-vision users, too. Add alt text. The alt text should include the text in the image, rather than just a vague description, so people aren't missing out on vital information.
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