𝕿𝖊𝖈𝖍𝖗𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙𝖘 Bulletin for Wednesday, April 27, 2022
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Gemini index for the day: gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/04/27/
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⦿ From Belarus With Love — Part V: From Start-Up to Success Story... | Techrights
⦿ Belarus Versus EPO | Techrights
⦿ IRC Proceedings: Tuesday, April 26, 2022 | Techrights
⦿ Microsoft Aggression and Deflection (Against Linux) | Techrights
⦿ History of Software From Minsk (SaM), Belarus by Proxy | Techrights
䷼ Bulletin articles (as HTML) to comment on (requires login):
http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/belarus-success-story/#comments
http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/belarus-versus-epo/#comments
http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/irc-log-260422/#comments
http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/secfud-aggression-and-deflection/#comments
http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/software-from-minsk/#comments
䷞ Followed by Daily Links (assorted news picks curated and categorised):
http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/fsf-hiring-2/#comments
http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/xorg-and-wine/#comments
http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/yocto-project-4-0/#comments
䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 61
╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕
(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/belarus-success-story/#comments
Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/04/27/belarus-success-story/
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Gemini_version_available_♊︎
✐ From_Belarus_With_Love_—_Part_V:_From_Start-Up_to_Success_Story…⠀✐
Posted in Europe, Patents at 10:21 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz
Series parts:
Rijswijk
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇SaM_Solutions_in_1993⦈_
Summary: The EPO‘s partner in the east (SaM’s German_proxy is how Team
Battistelli dealt with Belarus) and its roots explained; António_Campinos
cannot simply pretend that the EPO dissociates from Russia and Belarus. For
those just joining us, this ongoing series explores the double standards and
the facetious statement made by EPO management last month as not only does the
EPO work with Belarus but it seems probable that it led to erosion if not loss
of data sovereignty in Europe’s second-largest institution, which deals with
highly confidential documents from all over the planet. It’s important to
understand the history and who’s involved.
The Belarusian software development company SaM Solutions was founded in 1993
by a group of graduates from the State_University_of_Informatics_and
Radioelectronics in Minsk.
Information about the company’ early days can be found in an_interview with
Marat Ebzeev, the director of SaM’s “delivery center” in Minsk. The interview
was published [PDF] in July 2015 by the Belarusian IT news portal KV.by under
the title “Success Story: SaM Solutions”.
“Following discussions between Ludwigs and Bakhirev, plans were made to
establish a Belarus division of Quantum and these efforts eventually led to the
setting up of SaM Solutions.”According to Ebzeev, the founder of the company,
Andrej Vladimirovich Bakhirev, graduated from the State University’s Department
of Computer Engineering. After graduation, he remained to work at the
department as an assistant. Subsequently, he worked as an associate professor
and head of the department of economic informatics.
In 1992, Bakhirev participated in an academic exchange with the University of
Kassel in Germany, which was funded by the German Academic Exchange Service
(DAAD). During his time in Germany, Bakhirev visited CeBIT – the annual
Hanover-based IT trade fair where he met Helmut Ludwigs, the director of SER
Quantum GmBH, a German company active in the area of project planning for
complex application services in the banking, insurance, industry/trade and
public service sectors.
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Helmut_Ludwigs⦈_
Director of SER Quantum GmbH, Helmut Ludwigs.
Following discussions between Ludwigs and Bakhirev, plans were made to
establish a Belarus division of Quantum and these efforts eventually led to the
setting up of SaM Solutions.
In August 1993 Ludwigs travelled to Minsk to select a development team from a
shortlist of candidates proposed by Bakhirev. The initial development team led
by Bakhirev consisted of: Mikhail Vinogradov, Valery Grushev, Alexander Deev,
Orest Mikhailyuk, Igor Repinetsky, Oleg Sukach and Pavel Khovrenkov.
“Jung became a partner in the SaM venture. The holding company – now SaM
Holding GmbH – was originally named BELCAF Software GmbH and was registered at
the same address as Jung’s own company CAF GmbH, namely: Am Bahnhof 4a in
Gilching.”The fledgling company also received further significant assistance
from other German sources, in particular from a Bavarian software entrepreneur
Reinhard_Jung, the director of CAF GmbH, an application development company
based in Gilching near Munich.
Jung became a partner in the SaM venture. The holding company – now SaM_Holding
GmbH – was originally named BELCAF Software GmbH and was registered at the same
address as Jung’s own company CAF_GmbH, namely: Am Bahnhof 4a in Gilching.
Jung is now retired and his company CAF GmbH seems have been wound up. It is
not known whether he currently maintains any links with the SaM group or
whether he sold up his interest in it.
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Reinhard_Jung⦈_
Reinhard Jung, director of CAF GmbH based in Gilching, who became a partner in
the SaM venture.
In 1994, SaM began to forge links with Siemens after the German industrial
conglomerate placed an advertisement in a Belarus newspaper announcing that it
was looking for software developers in Minsk.
Shortly afterwards later, three representatives of Siemens arrived in Minsk and
were suitably impressed by SaM’s German-speaking development team during a
joint dinner in a local restaurant. This led to collaboration on the
development of a document workflow system.
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇SaM_Solutions_and_Siemens⦈_
SaM developed close contacts with Siemens during its early days.
SaM’s Belarusian “delivery center” was originally located at 114 Nekrasova
Street, in a rather desolate Soviet-era suburb on the northern outskirts of
Minsk.
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Nekrasova_Street_in_Minsk⦈_
SaM’s original “delivery center” was located at 114 Nekrasova Street in Minsk.
In 2006 SaM Solutions became a registered “resident” of the Belarus_High
Technologies_Park, the flagship project of the Lukashenko régime which had been
established by Presidential Decree in September 2005 with the aim of
transforming the former Soviet republic into a leading hub of the global
“Digital Economy”.
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇2006_milestone:_Belarus_High_Technology_Park⦈_
SaM became a resident of the Belarus High Technology Park in 2006.
A couple of years later in_2009, SaM moved its “delivery center” to a new
location at 15 Filimonova Street in a more upmarket district of Minsk, close to
the HTP.
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇Filimonova_Street_in_Minsk⦈_
SaM’s new “delivery center” located at 15 Filimonova Street in Minsk.
Around this time the company began to develop its presence in the US market via
SaM Solutions US based in Richmond_Hill, Georgia.
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇SaM_Solutions_at_20⦈_
In 2013, SaM Solutions celebrated “20 years of success”.
In 2013, SaM Solutions celebrated “20 years of success”. By this time, the
company had an impressive array of “technology partnerships” with leading
“industry names” such as Microsoft, Oracle and Sun and it could boast a host of
“blue chip” clients like Siemens, Daimler, Deutsche POST, and the European
Patent Office.
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇SaM_Belarus_technology_partnerships⦈_
SaM has an impressive array of “technology partnerships” with the likes of
Microsoft, Oracle and Sun.
But if things were looking good for SaM, the overall situation in Belarus was
becoming more precarious. Opposition to Lukashenko’s autocratic regime was
slowly gaining momentum and demands for reform were becoming louder.
“But if things were looking good for SaM, the overall situation in Belarus was
becoming more precarious. Opposition to Lukashenko’s autocratic regime was
slowly gaining momentum and demands for reform were becoming louder.”Back in
2011, when prospective customers asked Andrej Bakhirev about the political
situation in his home country he was able to reassure his interlocutors with
the laconic response: “The country is – unfortunately – stable.” However,
almost a decade later in 2020 an unprecedented wave of political unrest swept
through the land.
In the upcoming parts we will take a look at these events and how they impacted
on the burgeoning Belarusian IT sector. █
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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣿⣿⣤⣾⣿⣧⣤⣼⣿⣧⣴⣿⣿⣤⣤⣿⣿⣤⣮⣿⣧⣤⣼⣿⣧⣴⣿⣿⣤⣤⣿⣿⣤⣮⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠘⠃⢸⠀⠘⠀⢸⠀⠛⠀⡇⠀⠃⠀⡇⠘⠃⢸⠀⠘⠁⢸⠀⠛⠀⡇⠀⠋⠀⡇⠘⠃⢸⠀⠘⠁⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⣸⡀⠀⢀⣸⡀⠀⢀⣇⠀⠀⣀⣇⠀⠀⣸⣀⠀⠀⣸⡀⠀⢀⣇⡀⠀⢀⣇⠀⠀⣸⣀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣇⠀⢠⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⣼⣿⠀⠀⣿⣇⠀⢀⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⡄⠀⣼⣿⠀⠀⣿⣷⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⡟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣿⣿⣤⣼⣿⣧⣤⣼⣿⣧⣤⣿⣿⣤⣤⣿⣿⣤⣼⣿⣧⣤⣼⣿⣧⣤⣿⣿⣤⣤⣿⣿⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠹⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣾⡿⣿⢋⡁⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⣿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣤⣶⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⡄⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣿⣿⠿⠋⠀⣿⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⢾⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣴⣾⣿⣏⣡⡌⠉⠱⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢳⣤⣶⣿⡿⠟⠉⠁⢀⠀⣿⣿⣾⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⠿⠿⢿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠉⠙⠁⠀⣁⣡⣤⣤⣠⡈⢿⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣤⣶⣿⢿⡟⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠼⢒⣿⣷⣷⠏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣼⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣴⣾⣿⠟⠋⠁⠈⢳⡀⠀⠀⡠⢀⣤⣾⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣛⣙⣿⣿⠟⣿⡇⠀⠀⠴⣾⡿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢳⣀⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣌⣩⣭⢼⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣦⣿⠐⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡚⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣠⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣟⣋⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⣀⣴⣾⣿⣿⣇⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠺⠛⠁⠈⠉⠉⣻⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠁⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠄⡀⠀⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠶⠂⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠙⠛⠿⠟⠻⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣀⠆⢀⣀⠹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣈⢿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠙⠿⠿⣯⣿⣿⣧⡴⣟⣾⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣀⣴⡾⠟⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠛⢻⣹⣦⣾⠀⡾⠿⢛⡟⠛⢹⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⡿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣺⠏⠀⠹⣤⣤⢀⣇⠀⣸⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠘⠋⠙⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⣠⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣠⣶⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠛⠿⠿⠿⠆⣤⠤⡶⢶⠶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⢤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣀⣀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣿⢿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣾⡏⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣰⣨⣠⣸⣀⣆⣘⣰⣺⣇⣻⣀⣇⣸⣡⣸⡠⠂⣂⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢔⡧⠇⡥⣿⡰⢈⠏⡋⡉⣽⡸⡹⠉⡏⢹⣏⠖⣯⢩⡇⢽⢨⢸⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⢸⢿⣿⠀⢸⡿⠃⠉⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⢸⠘⣿⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣷⣭⣾⣿⣼⣥⣿⣼⣶⣷⣧⣤⣼⣿⣽⣿⣿⣾⣭⣴⣾⣼⣽⣾⣼⣧⣿⣼⣼⣧⣷⣾⣦⣤⣷⣤⣤⣼⣯⣷⣾⣼⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⢸⠀⣿⠀⣴⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⢸⣢⣿⠀⣿⣷⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⠶⡶⢿⠶⡶⢾⢷⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⠻⡿⠻⢻⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠈⠸⡟⠀⣿⣿⣠⡀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡶⣶⢟⣷⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣷⣷⣶⣿⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠂⠀⠁⣿⣿⢁⠀⡠⠰⣿⡾⣣⣿⡿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⠮⣿⣿⣥⣬⢤⣧⢬⠤⣯⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣬⣬⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⣟⣻⣻⣿⣟⣛⣿⢿⣿⣛⢻⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⡶⣿⣿⠶⠶⠶⠷⠶⢶⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣴⣿⣷⣾⣦⣿⣶⣾⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⣻⣿⣍⣿⣿⠒⠒⠗⠖⠒⠺⠟⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣐⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣤⣾⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣽⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡍⠉⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣻⣛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢿⣿⢗⠷⠿⡶⠾⠷⠿⢷⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣭⣯⣭⣭⣿⣯⣍⣊⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡿⠟⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢾⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣾⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣯⡏⠉⢉⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣷⣷⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣏⠛⠋⣏⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠙⠛⠛⠛⡟⢛⠋⢛⠛⠋⠛⠉⢛⡛⠛⠻⠛⢹⡟⠛⠛⠙⠛⠛⢻⠛⠛⡟⠛⠋⠛⠋⠛⢻⢻⠙⠙⠻⠙⠛⠛⠙⠛⠋⡏⠛⠛⡟⠛⠛⠛⢻⢙⢻⠛⠛⠛⠛⠙⠛⠋⡛⠻⢛⠛⠛⣿⣿
⣿⣷⢶⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣿⣶⣾⣶⣾⣷⣶⣾⣶⣶⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣷⣷⣷⣶⣷⣶⣾⣾⣷⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣾⣷⣷⣾⣶⣶⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣷⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣶⣷⣿⣿
⣿⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⡶⠖⠒⠶⣶⣶⣶⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⡶⠶⠶⠶⠶⠶⢶⣶⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠋⢀⣤⣤⡀⠈⢿⡿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠘⢿⣿⠟⠀⣸⣇⠀⠣⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣄⣀⣀⣀⣴⣿⣿⣦⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣸⣿⣀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⢸⠒⠒⠒⠒⣿⡇⠀⡗⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⢺⣿⠒⠒⠒⠂⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣦⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣤⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠆⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣄⣰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣤⡤⡀⣠⣤⣄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢲⣿⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠇⢫⣾⣿⣿⣯⣪⣵⣿⢿⣻⣵⣶⣶⣿⡿⠿⠛⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣬⣧⣼⣿⣶⣷⣧⣏⣿⣿⣽⣿⣤⣿⣴⣿⣿⣧⣾⣧⣿⣥⣿⣤⣼⣬⣷⣿
⠧⠾⢼⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠋⠙⠂⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⡟⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠠⠤⢤⠤⠠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠈⠡⠄⠀⠘⠒⠀⠠⠶⠄⠁⠀⠀⠿⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠒⠂⠀⠚⠒⠒⠶⠦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⣤⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⣠⣤⠀⢂⣀⠀⠁⢠⣦⣤⣄⣀⢀⣀⣀⡀⢀⣖⣒⣂⣀⣀⡤⠤⠤⢄⣀⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡻⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⢸⣟⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣹⣿⣏⣹⡏⣿⣿⡗⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣹⣿⣿⣺⣿⡏⣿⣿⡏⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠙⠋⠉⣿⠉⠛⣙⠟⠉⠛⣻⠛⢿⠉⡛⡋⠛⢛⢟⢻⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡾⢿⣿⣿⣦⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣋⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣏⡟⣿⣟⣿⢛⠛⠛⡛⢻⣟⠋⣿⣝⡝⡝⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠛⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢸⣿⣿⠶⣾⢿⣿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠟⣟⣟⡿⣿⡿⡻⡛⠛⢻⣻⣻⣿⡟⠿⠛⠛⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿
⣤⡤⠎⠉⠀⡌⢩⣉⣽⣿⣿⡧⠀⢸⣿⣿⠒⡖⣟⣿⣶⣲⢒⣿⠶⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠻⣻⠻⠾⠧⠤⠹⢰⠗⢕⠚⣿⣿⣿⡿⡛⡿⡿⡿⢿⣿⢿⡟⣟⡻⢿⣻⢿⢿⠛⣟⢿⢻⢿⡿⠿⣿
⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⢐⣨⣁⣺⣿⣿⣿⡿⣸⣿⣿⠠⣐⣇⣿⣿⡧⠀⣿⠖⠀⠈⢫⣿⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠏⢸⡅⠀⠀⢀⢦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡟⡿⠿⢾⣿⢾⢻⢻⢲⣿⣗⣻⡟⣟⢟⢞⣞⣺⣿⣻⣾⣾⣿
⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠛⠙⠻⣟⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⠀⠄⠁⣿⣿⡧⠀⣿⡗⠀⠀⠀⠈⠂⠀⢿⣿⣿⠛⠛⣷⣿⣷⣄⣀⠸⠁⠀⠠⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣯⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠠⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣼⡘⠁⢠⢪⣿⢟⡟⠻⢿⣶⣶⣤⠴⡒⠚⠢⣄⡀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⣿⡿⠂⠸⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⡇⠀⣿⡇⠄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠛⠺⠿⣧⣅⣯⠘⣃⠀⠉⠲⢦⡠⡮⠓⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⢀⠀⠛⡟⠠⠤⢤⣼⠿⠧⠤⢭⠤⢴⣾⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠋⠀⠐⠂⢄⣼⣆⠃⠀⠀⡀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠑⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠉⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣆⣀⣠⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⢻⡟⠉⠁⠀⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠛⠛⠛⡟⠛⠛⠛⠻⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠢⣴⣶⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⠻⠟⠛⠛⠛⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣀⠀⠀⠐⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡆⠀⢠⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣏⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⡷⠖⠂⠀⣀⠀⠀⡆⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⠀⠠⠀⠀⣇⠀⠸⣀⠀⠿⠇⠀⠀⠤⠤⠴⡶⠿⠿⠿⢄⠠⠤⠾⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⡧⠀⢀⡀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠠⢾⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠤⠀⠀⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⢸⠀⠀⡄⠀⠀⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣷⡀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⡀⠀⠀⠠⢼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⠁⠀⠀⠀⣄⠀⠈⠀⢀⣄⠀⠈⢀⠀⠈⠀⠀⣧⡀⠀⠉⠀⠀⡀⠀⠉⠀⢀⠀⠀⣿⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⠀⠀⣼⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⡿⢿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⣻⠟⠻⣿⠛⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⡿⠻⢿⣿⡟⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⢀⠀⠀⠀⠇⠀⠀⣿⠀⠆⠀⣿⡇⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⢀⠰⢿⡇⠿⢀⠀⠀⠀⡌⢀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠆⠸⢿⣿⣿⡇⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠶⠀⣸⡧⠀⠸⢈⠰⠀⠶⠀⠠⠀⠄⢺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠭⢻⠻⢹⢹⢹⢹⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⡟⣿⢻⡟⣿⢻⣿⣿⠝⣻⠻⠟⡟⢻⢻⡟⣿⢻⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⠥⢺⡱⢸⡸⣟⣏⣇⢿⣉⠶⡉⣶⠩⠔⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣤⣤⣬⣬⣥⣭⣬⣼⣯⣥⣬⣤⣤⣥⣬⣬⣥⣬⣼⣿⣿
⠿⠿⠿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢹⠉⢠⡶⠆⢠⡖⠀⢸⢲⡄⢰⡖⡆⠀⡖⡦⠀⡇⠀⡖⢢⠀⣴⢲⠀⢰⣰⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠉⠀⠈⠈⠁⠈⠁⠁⠀⠉⠁⠀⠁⠀⠈⠁⠀⠘⠛⠀⠐⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣯⠽⠀⣐⣦⠀⣦⠆⠰⡇⠀⡦⣦⠀⣴⣢⠀⣤⠆⠠⣖⠀⢸⢢⠀⢸⠀⢰⠴⡄⠠⣖⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠉⠉⠀⠉⠀⠀⠁⠀⠁⠉⠀⠈⠉⠀⠉⠀⠈⠉⠀⠈⠈⠀⠈⠀⠸⠉⠁⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣤⣤⣤⣤⡤⢤⣤⣤⡤⢄⣀⣀⡀⣀⡀⣀⣀⡀⣀⡀⣀⡀⢀⡀⠀⣀⣀⣀⠀⣀⠀⡀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡧⠤⠤⠦⠤⠾⡤⠤⠧⠤⠦⢤⡴⠤⠤⢤⠧⠤⠤⠦⠤⠤⡤⠤⢤⠵⠵⢦⡤⠤⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⢲⡶⠶⠶⠖⠖⠴⠶⣶⠶⠒⢷⡖⠶⢾⡶⠶⠶⢲⡶⠶⠧⠶⠶⡶⠶⠶⠶⠶⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣉⣯⣹⣹⣏⣿⣩⣉⣩⣯⣏⣯⣉⣏⣯⣛⣏⣯⣙⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠞⠓⡶⠒⠖⠒⠶⠒⠛⠲⣶⠞⠳⠳⠞⠳⢶⡶⠾⣷⠒⣶⠶⠲⠷⠲⢶⡖⠂⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⡿⠿⡿⢿⣿⠿⣿⢿⠿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡿⢿⠿⡿⡿⢿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠿⣟⠟⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠒⠚⠛⠒⠓⠚⢲⠒⢒⠖⠚⣳⠚⠒⠒⠓⠚⠓⢲⠛⠒⠛⢲⠓⠒⠒⠚⠓⠒⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢛⠻⡿⢳⠻⣛⣿⣿⠛⣛⣻⠻⠛⣿⠛⣻⢟⠟⡓⣿⣟⡛⢛⠛⡚⣛⢻⡟⢛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠛⠋⡍⡏⠛⠛⠛⠛⠙⡟⢫⠛⠓⠛⠛⡛⢛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣛⣛⣛⣿⣟⣿⢛⣟⣻⣿⣿⣋⣛⣿⣏⣝⣛⣏⣻⣿⣉⣛⣟⣛⣋⣛⣋⣛⣟⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣛⣝⣋⣭⣿⣝⣛⣛⣝⣋⣿⣝⣩⣭⣛⣍⣿⣹⣉⣿⣩⣋⣟⣛⣙⣻⣛⣉⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣻⣿⣭⣩⣹⣯⣹⣏⣹⣏⣟⣹⣋⣍⣩⣉⣿⣭⣿⣍⣉⣩⣍⣿⣉⣍⣩⣉⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣭⣯⣭⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⢿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣾⣯⣿⣶⣾⣶⣶⣿⣥⣦⣿⣽⣯⣷⣦⣿⣶⣴⣶⣼⣶⣧⣿⣤⣶⣴⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠺⠺⠶⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣯⣹⣯⣽⣩⣍⣩⣩⣿⣛⣹⣍⣯⣫⣩⣯⣍⣉⣏⣍⣿⣉⣹⣿⣭⣟⣉⣍⣉⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠛⠿⠿⡿⢻⢿⡟⠿⠿⢿⡟⠿⠻⠿⠿⠟⡿⠿⡿⣿⢻⠿⠿⢿⡿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣯⣭⣯⣽⣿⣯⣽⣯⣩⣿⣯⣥⣿⣭⣯⣼⣯⣯⣬⣿⣯⣭⣫⣭⣿⣯⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣶⣶⣿⣿⣾⣷⣶⣷⣾⣿⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣷⣷⡷⣿⣿⣾⣾⣾⢷⣶⣶⡾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣽⣿⣬⣯⡽⣭⣾⣯⣿⣥⣽⣭⣯⣽⣼⣴⣥⣼⣬⣧⣽⣬⣾⣬⣬⣽⣦⣵⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠾⣦⣿⣼⣥⣾⣿⣤⣴⣦⣾⣮⣴⣦⣤⣥⣤⢼⣴⣤⣤⣤⣴⠼⣴⡤⢤⠧⣤⢤⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣶⣾⣿⣷⣿⣴⣾⣵⣵⣦⣿⣶⣮⣿⢵⣶⣵⣥⣦⣿⣬⣿⣴⣴⣵⣴⣴⣦⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢶⡾⡶⣶⣼⢶⡶⡶⠾⡿⣶⢶⠶⢶⡿⠷⡶⠶⡶⢶⡶⠾⡶⠦⢿⡷⠤⣴⠤⠶⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣶⢶⢾⠷⣶⢶⣾⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣷⣾⣷⣶⣿⣷⣶⣿⣷⣶⣾⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠷⠶⡶⡷⠿⢶⠾⠶⠷⡶⠿⠶⠶⠾⠷⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣿⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣷⣿⣶⣷⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣶⣷⣿⣾⣷⣾⣶⣷⣶⣷⣾⣶⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 433
╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕
(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/belarus-versus-epo/#comments
Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/04/27/belarus-versus-epo/
⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.27.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧
Gemini_version_available_♊︎
✐ Belarus_Versus_EPO⠀✐
Posted in Europe, Patents at 1:40 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz
Belarus:
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽⦇HELL_ON_EARTH_Roman_Protasevich’s_girlfriend_facing_horrific
torture_in_Belarus_dungeon_in_bid_to_‘break’_blogger,_family_fear⦈_
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽⦇Dictator_Lukashenko_says_Ryanair_hijack_journalist_was
planning_a_'bloody_revolution'as_part_of_a'hybrid_war'_by_the_West_against
Belarus:Roman_Protasevich's_girlfriend_appears_in'confession'_video_amid
fears_they_have_been_tortured⦈_
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽⦇‘High_probability’_Roman_Protasevich_is_being_tortured,_says
Belarus_opposition_leader⦈_
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽⦇Belarus_journalist's_family_fear_torture_after_plane_arrest⦈
EPO:
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇EPO_torture_and_gag⦈_
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇EPO_torture⦈_
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇EPO_censorship⦈_
Summary: Censorship, mental torture, and gags. As we shall see soon, in Belarus
even surveys among the population became forbidden, just like in Benoît
Battistelli‘s EPO, which also illegally forbade strikes (without consent from
the party protested against, including António_Campinos for 3 years).
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡏⢿⠉⣿⢹⡏⡙⣯⠉⣽⢋⣭⡏⢹⡏⣿⣷⣿⣾⢸⡍⣿⢩⡏⣿⢩⡍⢻⠉⣭⡟⣡⡙⣿⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣷⠸⣤⠉⣼⠁⠇⢿⠀⣿⠸⣿⡇⢨⡄⣿⣿⠿⠿⢸⣇⠙⣸⡇⣿⢸⡇⢸⠀⣭⡇⣿⡇⣿⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠿⠤⠿⠤⠿⠼⠷⠼⠤⠿⠦⠭⠧⠼⠧⠿⠛⠉⠉⠸⠿⠤⠿⠧⠿⠬⠵⠿⠤⠭⠷⠬⠴⠿⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣄⣤⣴⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣴⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀
⠀⣶⣶⣤⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀
⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀
⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠉⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠛⠁⠀⢈⣿⣿⠀
⠀⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣄⠘⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠈⠛⠻⢿⣿⣿⣛⣛⣇⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣶⠀⢠⣤⡄⠀⣼⣿⣿⠀
⠀⣿⡇⠀⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⡟⠉⠀⠉⢐⣚⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠀⠀⠙⠻⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠠⠿⠋⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⠀
⠀⡛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠈⠹⣭⣭⣭⣭⣽⣿⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⢏⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣷⡈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀
⠀⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣹⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣷⠆⠀⠀⠀⢀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣿⣿⠁⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣿⠏⠀
⠀⠟⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣮⢿⡟⠀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⢀⣿⣿⡿⡇⠘⠁⠸⠿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⠟⠛⢿⡟⢻⣿⡿⠟⣿⣿⣿⡇⢠⣶⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠋⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⢼⠿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠈⠉⠁⠀⠀⠸⠟⠻⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠉⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣾⡿⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣄⣠⣄⣤⣤⣤⡄⠀⠀⠠⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⣶⣶⠖⠒⠛⠿⠿⠿⠃⠀⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠒⠒⠒⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠓⠒⠛⠋⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠙⠛⠛⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⢦⣤⡤⠰⠰⣶⡤⣴⣶⣤⣤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⣤⣤⢤⡄⡄⢠⢤⣤⡄⣤⢄⡄⣤⣤⣤⣤⠀⣤⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⡀⣤⣄⣀⣀⣄⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⣀⣤⣠⣀⢀⣀⣤⣀⣤⣄⣠⣀⣀⡀⣠⢀⣤⣀⣀⣄⣀⣀⡀⣄⣀⣀⣀⣠⣤⣤⣀⢀⣄⣀⣀⣄⣀⣀⣀⡀⠀⠀
⠀⠟⠿⠟⠷⠷⠘⠞⠟⠇⠻⠿⠻⠿⠿⠻⠿⠀⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠿⠟⠇⠟⠹⠹⠟⠷⠿⠿⠿⠹⠻⠻⠿⠇⠿⠚⣿⠿⠏⠿⠸⠹⠻⠻⠟⠿⠀⠿⠿⠷⠿⠿⣷⠇⠇⠿⠟⠏⠏⠿⠸⠻⠘⠟⠟⠏⠷⠿⠿⠹⠇⠀⠀
⠀⣷⢲⢸⣿⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⡆⣶⣷⣶⡶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⢲⢸⣶⡆⣿⣾⣷⣿⢸⣶⡆⠚⣷⣶⢶⣶⣶⣷⠛⢸⣦⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡶⡀⣿⣶⣶⣶⣾⡷⣶⢸⣷⣶⣶⡶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠉⠈⠈⠉⠉⠈⠉⠈⠈⠉⠁⠈⠉⠉⠁⠙⠋⠉⠈⠉⠈⠈⠉⠁⠉⠉⠉⠉⠈⠉⠁⠀⠉⠈⠈⠉⠉⠉⠀⠈⠁⠉⠁⠛⠙⠋⠉⠁⠁⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠁⠋⠈⠉⠉⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠿⠿⠷⠶⠶⠶⠿⠿⠶⠶⠾⠶⠶⠶⠾⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠛⠛⠚⠓⠛⠛⠛⠛⠃⠘⠛⠛⠛⠛⠘⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⠿⡟⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⢻⠿⢿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⢻⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⡟⠟⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⡿⣿⣿
⣇⣅⣇⣂⣐⣸⣘⣀⣂⣆⣄⣨⣐⣸⣀⣨⣈⣀⣇⣸⣰⣘⣐⣀⡇⣇⣂⣘⣸⣰⣰⣀⣀⣸⣰⣀⣔⣷⣀⣧⠀⣀⣇⣆⣆⣀⣇⣀⣸⣀⣇⣂⣿⣇⣆⣈⣀⡠⣱⣇⣂⣅⣠⣇⣂⣂⣇⣆⣃⣃⣰⣄⣸⣐⣸⣆⣔⣪
⡟⡻⢻⢛⢻⡟⡛⠛⠟⠻⠛⡟⠛⡟⡟⡻⠻⡿⡛⡟⡻⡏⡛⡏⢛⢛⢋⣿⠙⣋⠟⢻⡋⠟⢻⠛⡟⡻⠻⢟⢹⡟⠻⢉⢛⠟⠟⢻⡏⡻⠟⢿⡟⢻⢛⠟⡛⡟⠻⠛⠟⡻⠛⠟⠋⣏⡻⢻⠋⡛⡏⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣇⣵⣮⣼⣼⣇⣵⣶⣧⣽⣤⣧⣴⣤⣧⣷⣵⣷⣥⣧⣧⣷⣧⣧⣼⣼⣼⣿⣴⣼⣮⣾⣷⣦⣴⣤⣧⣷⣵⣮⣼⣧⣶⣼⣮⣮⣶⣿⣧⣧⣮⣾⣦⣼⣨⣆⣥⣧⣵⣴⣦⣷⣵⣦⣶⣿⣧⣦⣧⣧⣧⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡇⠍⢩⡫⢝⠈⡏⠉⢩⢹⡏⡝⠩⠉⠉⠉⢹⠏⢹⢩⠋⠅⣿⢩⠉⡇⠉⠉⠹⠈⡉⡏⠍⣯⢘⠉⡋⠙⠨⢨⢡⡏⣷⢰⡏⡍⢹⢩⠉⠉⠩⠍⡅⠈⠍⡅⣿⠩⠁⣼⠁⠉⠁⠨⠋⢹⡇⠍⠩⢹⠉⡍⡇⠍⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣇⣸⣠⣀⣇⣆⣻⣐⣔⣸⣇⣄⡆⣄⣀⣇⣆⣀⣀⣇⣾⢐⣸⣀⣇⣢⣐⣇⣇⣸⣇⣆⣁⣌⣄⣁⣀⣸⣀⣁⣔⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡿⠿⠿⢿⠿⢿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⡿⢿⡿⠿⠿⡿⡿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⡿⢿⠿⠿⡿⠿⡿⡿⠿⡿⠿⢿⢿⠿⠿⡿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿
⣿⡷⢶⡶⢶⢶⣾⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⢷⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣧⢶⡷⣿⣶⡶⣶⣶⣶⣶⢾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣴⡾⢶⢶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⡾⣾⣷⣶⣶⢶⣾⣶⣶⣷⣶⣦⣷⣾⣶⣷⣶⣶⣦⣼⢷⣶⣶⣷⣾⡶⡶⣶⣷⣶⣿⣿
⣾⣧⣤⣤⣤⣧⣧⣤⣶⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣼⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣧⣼⣤⣤⣦⣧⣤⣤⣦⣧⣤⣴⣧⣴⣦⣧⣤⣼⣤⣤⣶⣤⣮⣥⣦⣤⣷⣾⣴⣦⣤⣼⣴⣼⣴⣵⣧⣤⣤⣤⣬⣴⣼⣤⣤⣤⣤⣾⣴⣴⣦⣤⣴⣶⣼⣿⣿
⣽⣧⣬⣥⣬⣭⣽⣹⣦⣥⣭⣯⣭⣽⣯⣭⣼⣮⣭⣯⣥⣿⣯⣽⣦⣬⣍⣩⣽⣼⣭⣮⣬⣥⣬⣝⣯⣭⣭⣬⣥⣭⣥⣭⣭⣦⣥⣭⣿⣬⣭⣼⣬⣥⣬⣥⣭⣥⣭⣬⣵⣧⣬⣭⣯⣵⣭⣯⣭⣥⣷⣭⣧⣮⣭⣽⣿⣿
⣿⣏⣙⣉⣉⣉⡉⣏⣉⣋⣏⣋⣉⣉⣉⣉⣙⣍⣏⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣙⣉⣫⣉⣉⣉⣍⣹⣍⡉⣉⣹⣉⣉⣋⣩⣉⣉⣉⣩⣉⣉⣙⣉⣉⣉⣋⣉⣏⣉⣋⣏⣩⣉⣩⣉⣉⣉⣉⣏⣉⣉⣉⣹⣋⣉⣝⢹⣉⣉⣉⣋⣿
⣿⣏⣉⣉⣝⣹⣙⣉⣩⣙⣏⣩⣍⣉⣉⣍⣝⣹⣙⣉⣹⣙⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣉⣙⣉⣹⣩⣙⣹⣙⣽⣉⣉⣩⣏⣉⣉⣋⣩⣍⣙⣽⣉⣉⣉⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣻⡏⠙⠛⠛⠛⢻⡛⠛⡟⠛⡛⡛⠛⠛⠛⡏⠛⠛⠛⠛⢻⠛⠛⡛⠙⢛⡛⣏⠛⠛⠋⢛⠛⣽⠛⡋⠋⢻⢛⣛⣛⠛⠻⡏⠛⠻⠛⠛⠙⢛⣛⠛⡛⠛⠙⠙⡟⡛⠛⡝⣟⡛⠛⢻⢛⠛⠛⠛⢻⢛⡛⡛⠛⣻⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣾⣶⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡏⣫⠩⠏⢹⡇⡿⠛⢻⠈⠛⣿⡟⠛⢻⠛⢻⢛⠻⠁⡛⠿⡛⢿⠘⠻⡇⠉⢸⠈⡛⣛⠛⣛⢍⣿⡏⠩⠉⡿⡛⢿⢛⠻⡛⡿⡛⢿⢻⠻⣿⡏⢩⠉⠛⠟⠟⠻⡛⢻⠟⢻⠟⣻⠟⠻⡛⣛⠋⢸⠟⠻⠁⡛⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣟⣘⣇⣘⣃⡃⣀⢚⣀⣃⣻⡇⢘⣰⣀⣧⣘⣠⣀⣃⣌⣀⣘⣘⣣⣇⣀⣸⣀⣇⣻⠆⣼⣿⣿⣃⣰⣈⣀⣃⣜⣘⣀⣃⣋⣀⣘⣘⣀⣿⣇⣘⣿⣀⣻⣌⣡⣇⣸⣑⣘⣐⣨⣄⣂⣧⣠⣇⣸⣈⣫⣀⣃⣻⣿⣿
⣿⡏⢽⠿⢿⡏⠹⠷⡶⠿⡏⠽⠿⠷⡾⠿⢿⡿⠻⡿⠿⡿⠿⠟⠻⢿⠿⡿⠿⡿⠿⡿⠯⢸⣿⣿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⡏⢩⠙⡿⠿⡏⢹⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣇⣐⠄⣹⣇⡸⣀⣀⢒⣇⣸⣸⣀⡃⠁⢻⣇⢸⣀⢇⣄⣸⣇⢸⡘⣀⣇⣰⣄⢒⣆⢙⣸⡛⣿⡢⢈⡉⡀⣧⢠⣇⢌⣿⣇⣰⣀⣅⢒⣂⣸⢉⢘⣀⣿⡀⣃⣇⢌⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⡿⢿⣿⠿⣟⡲⠷⡞⣿⠿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡟⢻⡿⣿⡿⢿⣿⠟⢻⡿⣿⡾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡇⠆⢸⠰⠆⡇⠰⢸⠐⠆⡧⠁⡇⢰⠸⠆⡇⠰⢸⠀⠆⢿⡇⢈⠨⢼⠢⠈⡀⠇⢀⠨⢼⠀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣯⣬⣿⣧⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠻⡟⡟⣟⢻⠛⡛⡏⢻⠟⠙⠻⡟⡟⠛⢿⡟⣟⠹⣟⠟⢻⠙⡟⡏⠛⡛⠛⠛⣛⣿⠙⠛⣿⡙⣿⣟⠛⡏⢋⢻⣿⠛⡟⣻⡯⢻⠛⠙⢟⠟⡏⣿⠋⠛⣟⠛⢿⠋⡟⣛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿
⣿⣯⣹⣝⣟⣋⣯⣟⣽⣯⣿⣿⣋⣉⣛⣟⣝⣿⣉⣻⣉⣯⣏⣍⣟⣹⣿⣿⣿⣻⣯⣋⣫⣫⣻⣻⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣏⣿⠀⠆⢸⡇⠶⠂⣿⠁⠀⢸⣿
⣿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿⣷⣶⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣿⣶⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠤⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠟⠃⢸⠿⡿⠛⠛⠛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⡟⠛⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣤⣤⣤⠀⢰⣶⣶⠀⠀⠀⣶⣶⣶⣾⠒⠒⠒⠒⠚⡇⢰⣶⣶⡆⢸⠀⡇⢸⣿⣿⡇⢸⣿⣙⣿⡆⢉⣉⣉⣉⣷⠘⡇⢸⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢰⣿⣿⣿⡀⠈⠉⠉⠀⣀⣀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣀⣾⣿⣿⣀⣇⣈⣉⣉⣁⣸⣄⣧⣠⣭⣭⣥⣼⣿⣿⣿⣧⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣤⣧⣼⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⠟⠛⠉⠉⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠛⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢤⣤⣤⣶⣤⣐⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣇⣀⣂⣇⣃⣀⣇⣣⣀⣿⣿⣿⣴⣮⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛
⢰⢦⢰⢰⣒⠰⣦⢦⡴⢶⣓⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠘⠀⠛⠘⠒⠂⠛⠘⠃⠒⠚⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠘⠙⠛⠛⠃⠀⠐⠓⠛⠘⠓⠐⠉⠀⠛⠛⠃⠀⠐⠚⠈⠃⠑⠛⠙⠐⠑⠀⠐⠚⠈⠑⠛⠋⠀⠘⠛⠂⠀⠉⠛⠛⠛⠃⠀⠛⠛⠛⠛⠃⠛⠀⠈⠘⠛⠛⠛⠑⠀⠘⠘⠃⠁⠀⠘⠋⠛⠛⠃⠃⠀⠋⠛⠚⠛⠛⠀⠀
⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠷⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠹⠏⣿⢟⡻⡇⣿⣛⢿⡻⣻⢻⡛⡿⣛⣿⣿⢹⢟⡻⣟⢻⢻⡟⣟⡟⣟⢿⣟⢻⡇⣿⢹⣟⣻⡏⣻⣹⢟⣻⣿⡋⣺⣛⢿⡻⡛⣟⢿⡛⡇⣿⢻⡟⣿⣟⣐⢟⡻⣿⡛⣿⢻⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣘⣛⣼⣔⣲⣃⣯⣲⣸⣃⣿⣜⣇⣟⣒⣽⣿⢸⣜⣣⣿⣘⣘⣇⣻⣃⣟⣸⣑⣆⣇⣻⣘⣗⣪⣧⣻⣿⣒⣸⣿⣃⣯⣲⣸⣃⣇⣛⣸⣃⣇⣻⡇⣽⣿⣟⣻⣔⣒⣇⣂⣻⣘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⠟⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠸⣇⠿⢸⠇⣿⡸⢿⠸⠸⡇⢾⡁⠥⣿⡟⠷⢸⠰⣇⠿⡡⠥⡷⢸⣿⡇⠿⢸⠇⡟⠇⢿⢸⡇⣏⠬⢼⣿⠻⠸⡇⢾⡇⣾⡨⠥⡧⡕⣷⠸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⡏⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⡀⠀⢶⡶⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢐⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠹⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠹⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠟⠉⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠻⣿⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⢁⣤⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠩⣿⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⢳⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⢻⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡟⠀⠉⠉⠉⠙⢿⣿⣿⠏⢭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⢿⣿⣷⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⢀⡤⠀⢸⣿⣿⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣷⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⡇⠀⠾⣿⠃⠀⠘⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠉⠛⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣧⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⣿⣿⣿⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⣉⣩⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣠⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠢⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢉⣉⣾⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢹⣿⣿⣿⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠑⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣤⠄⢀⣴⣿⣿⣧⣴⣿⡿⠋⢠⡶⣦⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠱⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠛⠛⠀⠘⠿⠿⠿⠛⠛⠋⠁⠀⠈⠛⡊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠙⢦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⢰⣦⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠀⠛⠳⣄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠸⠛⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣄⣄⠀⠀⠀⣀⠈⠛⣦⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢿⣷⣦⣬⣽⣷⣾⣿⣿⣿⣦⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⣿⣿⢿⢿⡿⢿⡿⣿⢿⠿⢿⣿⢿⢿⡿⢿⢿⡿⡿⣿⢿⠿⡿⣿⣿⡿⠿⣿⢿⡿⠿⡿⢿⢿⡿⢿⡿⡿⠿⠿⢿⡿⢿⠿⣿⠿⠿⡿⠿⡿⡿⠿⡿⠿⣿⠿⡿⠿⣿⢿⢿⢿⣿⠿⠿⢿⡿⡿⡿⡿⡿⠿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣯⣮⣬⣧⣦⣤⣿⣤⣼⣤⣇⣰⣵⣧⣄⣹⣯⣬⣿⣬⣤⣬⣧⣼⣧⣤⣧⣥⣤⣼⣧⣤⣤⣬⣼⣯⣤⣤⣤⣭⣧⣬⣧⣽⣤⣤⣤⣼⣸⣧⣼⣤⣤⣽⣤⣬⣮⣧⣵⣧⣄⣼⣴⣶⣬⣿⣤⣤⣼⣧⣤⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣏⢿⡍⠩⡏⠋⣿⢉⠉⠫⣄⠙⠫⣫⠉⠙⣿⠙⢉⠍⠉⢽⡙⢹⡅⢉⢝⠉⢹⡇⠉⢩⠍⠽⢩⠍⠁⠉⣿⡏⣉⠈⡫⣻⠈⢹⠩⡍⢿⡝⣹⠩⢩⠉⠉⡉⣟⠙⠉⠉⣿⠁⠉⡭⠉⠫⢩⠋⠉⢹⡇⢉⢝⠉⣹⣿⣿
⣿⡿⠿⠿⢿⡿⠿⢿⣟⠿⡿⡿⠻⡿⡿⠿⢿⡿⡿⢿⠟⠿⠿⡿⢿⣿⡿⠿⢿⠻⡿⠟⠿⡿⠿⠟⠿⠟⠻⢿⢿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠻⠿⠻⣿⠷⢻⣿⠻⢿⠻⠾⠿⡿⠿⣿⠿⠟⢿⠿⡿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠟⠿⠿⢿⢿⢿⣿⣿
⣿⣷⣧⣤⣼⣿⣵⣾⣿⣬⣦⣿⣼⣧⣧⣬⣼⣿⣧⣼⣿⣤⣦⣯⣼⣿⣷⣥⣼⣼⣦⣼⣤⣷⣥⣴⣥⣤⣤⣼⣮⣤⣬⣴⣴⣽⣮⣤⣬⣷⣤⣼⣿⣤⣾⣴⣼⣴⣥⣴⣽⣶⣤⣷⣤⣧⣧⣤⣵⣵⣶⣥⣴⣼⣧⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣯⣉⣯⣄⣩⣯⣩⣫⣸⣩⣝⣉⣩⣭⣉⣸⣯⣉⣩⣍⣁⣉⣹⣍⣉⣉⣩⣹⣫⣈⣉⣩⣇⣩⣹⣀⣍⣉⣯⣻⣏⣏⣉⣉⣍⣿⣉⣀⣍⣉⣅⣩⣹⣏⣉⣹⣯⣁⣉⣍⡇⣋⣏⣉⣹⣏⡉⡉⣍⣉⣩⣉⣉⣨⡈⣹⣿
⣿⡟⣿⡿⣿⠛⠛⠛⠻⡟⢟⡿⢿⢟⡟⡿⠿⠟⣿⠿⢟⢟⠻⠿⣻⠿⠟⠿⠻⠿⢻⡟⠟⣛⠿⢟⠻⡟⡟⣿⢟⠿⠿⠟⣿⠻⢻⡟⢻⢻⠛⣿⢻⡻⠛⢻⣟⢻⡟⠻⡛⠟⢟⢿⠛⠟⠟⢿⡟⢛⠿⣿⡛⠻⠻⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣷⣿⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣷⣾⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣿⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⢶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣼⣾⣶⠶⣶⣾⣶⣾⣷⣶⣾⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣤⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣿⣶⣷⣶⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣏⣸⣿⣀⠐⣇⣕⣸⣿⣺⣆⣰⣎⣀⣾⣗⣀⣿⣎⣀⣸⣪⣧⡀⢺⣇⣑⣽⣐⣀⣰⣗⣀⣈⣢⣺⣀⣿⣐⣂⣰⣆⣇⣀⣻⣠⣩⣈⢡⣰⣇⣠⣀⣀⣀⣑⣸⣀⣰⣹⢀⣁⣗⣈⣈⣀⣎⣘⣇⣀⣾⣀⣎⣀⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡟⣽⢝⢫⢛⠛⡟⠻⣛⡋⢛⣟⠟⢿⠛⢟⠟⠋⢛⡟⣛⣟⢽⡟⢫⡏⡛⡝⣿⡍⣝⠛⢻⣟⠻⠻⠛⠻⠟⢻⠙⢻⢛⠟⠛⠋⣻⡟⠛⡙⠛⢟⡟⢻⡟⡟⢙⠟⢻⠛⣛⢙⠛⢛⠙⠛⡏⢛⢿⠹⠙⣿⡛⠙⡋⣻⣿
⣿⣷⣶⣾⢶⢾⣶⣷⣶⡶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣷⣶⣶⣶⢶⣶⣶⢶⣶⣶⢶⣶⣾⢷⣿⠒⢺⣿⣾⣶⣴⣶⣷⣾⣶⣾⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣾⣷⣶⣿⣷⣾⣿⣷⣾⣶⣾⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣾⣾⣾⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣿⣿
⣿⣧⣯⣴⣤⣤⣺⣮⣗⣤⣿⣿⣧⣠⣬⣸⣺⣤⣴⣤⣤⣴⣄⣧⣎⣤⣆⣤⣅⣤⣣⣿⣀⣸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⠟⠿⠿⠟⠿⢿⡿⠿⡿⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣤⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡇⢰⢰⡠⢸⣶⡇⡆⠠⢀⠇⡣⢸⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡟⠻⠿⠿⠛⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⡟⠻⠿⡿⠿⠿⠟⠟⠿⠿⢿⠿⢻⠻⠿⣿⡿⠿⢿⠻⢿⠛⠟⠿⠿⣿⡟⠻⠻⠿⠿⢿⠻⠿⠿⠿⢻⠿⠿⠻⠿⠻⠿⠿⠟⠿⡿⠿⠿⠿⢿⡟⢻⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⢿⠛⠿⠟⣿
⣿⣿⢿⢶⡶⠶⡶⣤⢷⠶⡶⣶⠶⣶⠷⡶⢶⢷⡶⡾⠶⣶⡶⡷⡾⡶⢿⢾⡶⢿⣶⡶⡾⡶⢶⢶⡶⠾⡦⣾⢷⠷⠶⡷⣶⡾⡶⣶⠶⣾⣾⢶⡶⢶⠶⡶⡶⠷⡶⡶⢷⢶⡶⠶⢶⢷⢾⣶⡴⡴⡶⡶⡶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣿
⣿⣷⣼⣾⣮⣥⣤⣤⣤⣦⣤⣼⣤⣿⣴⣧⣤⣤⣄⣤⣤⣼⣧⣴⣤⣄⣤⣤⣧⣤⣤⣤⣤⣧⣦⣼⣤⣤⣤⣧⣤⣤⣤⣧⣤⣧⣤⣼⣤⣤⣤⣤⣤⣼⣤⣤⣿⣠⣤⣰⣤⣦⣤⣤⣦⣼⣤⣤⣤⣤⣴⣤⣾⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣧⣘⣘⣔⣁⣹⣠⣁⣀⣇⣀⣹⣈⣈⣊⣈⣀⣸⣀⣹⣠⣁⣹⣤⣁⣑⣈⣈⣀⣇⣈⣸⣁⣣⣁⣏⣀⣀⣈⣇⣡⣈⣧⣁⣁⣇⣈⣤⣉⣀⣀⣏⣀⡇⣀⡉⣔⣠⣀⣀⣀⣈⣧⣁⣁⣑⣁⣁⣀⣹⣇⣙⣐⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⡭⡝⢙⡍⣿⠙⡉⣻⠉⡙⢻⠙⠙⠉⠉⠉⠉⢻⠩⣻⠝⢹⡏⠋⢩⢹⠙⢹⠉⡏⠉⠙⡩⢫⠉⠉⠉⠉⣏⠫⠋⠫⠋⠉⢹⢩⢻⠍⡋⢫⣭⠋⢫⡙⢿⣭⠉⠉⡏⠉⠉⠉⢽⠝⠝⣭⢉⡝⠍⣽⠋⠉⠉⡏⠙⣿⣿
⣿⠛⠟⠛⠛⢻⠛⠛⢿⠛⠛⡻⠻⡛⣿⠛⡟⡻⣟⠟⣟⢟⠟⢟⣟⢛⣟⢟⢛⡛⢓⠛⠓⡻⡛⡟⢻⠻⠛⡛⠻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣾⣶⣶⣶⣶⣷⣿⣶⣷⣷⣷⣶⣾⣦⣶⣾⣷⣿⣷⣶⣾⣷⣾⣶⣶⣷⣴⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣧⣌⣘⣖⣅⣸⣀⣰⣐⣄⣰⣨⣈⣇⣆⡀⣀⣀⣸⣀⣮⣸⣇⣸⣠⣴⣂⣆⢂⣇⣱⣕⣷⣉⣀⣰⣅⣀⣿⣥⣘⣧⣂⣂⣆⣐⣵⣀⣀⣇⣸⣢⣆⣰⣀⣂⣺⣆⣐⣐⣌⣄⣰⣙⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⡍⡍⠏⡏⢹⠉⡏⢝⢏⢫⢋⢿⣿⠉⡏⠹⢉⣩⢩⠉⢹⠙⠉⠉⡏⢹⠉⢿⡯⢹⠉⣿⣿⠍⡏⢹⠹⡏⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⡍⣽⡿⠻⡟⠻⡿⠋⡿⠻⡟⠟⠟⢯⠙⢿⢹⠻⠻⣿⠟⠻⠋⢹⡏⠩⣹⢻⢻⠻⠻⠛⠟⠛⢿⠟⢿⠛⠿⠛⢿⣿⡭⡍⠟⢿⠛⠿⠻⠟⠻⡏⢻⣿⢫⣍⠛⠉⠉⢹⠟⢻⠟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣃⣛⣁⣂⣆⣂⣃⣃⣣⣂⣄⣻⣐⣘⣘⣘⣘⠈⣡⣿⣌⣣⣃⣻⣇⣘⣹⣘⣘⣛⣧⣉⡼⢘⣠⣐⣠⣀⣘⣘⣘⣿⣓⣾⣐⣘⣌⣅⣂⣇⣃⣃⣩⣿⣌⣋⣄⣘⣘⣘⣜⣩⣐⣰⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⡿⡿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⡿⢿⡿⣿⢛⠛⢻⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⣿⠿⣿⡿⣿⣿⢻⣿⢿⣿⣿⢿⡿⣿⡿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣟⢻⢻⣿⢿⣻⣿⡿⣿⣿⠻⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⡆⠆⡇⢶⠠⢈⠀⠀⠄⡆⠇⠇⢶⡀⢄⠠⢸⣗⠀⣂⢒⠠⠰⠰⠰⣿⡆⠇⠇⠆⠁⢀⠒⡰⠰⢸⣿⠐⡑⢆⣿⠆⢶⠠⠰⠰⠰⠸⠰⢀⡈⣴⠠⢸⡿⠸⠸⠰⠀⠏⠐⠠⢸⣿⠐⡀⠆⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠶⠿⢿⠿⢿⡿⠿⣿⠿⢿⣿⠿⢿⣿⣿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⡿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⡇⣉⡆⢾⠆⡧⡑⠧⣉⢺⣿⢘⣠⢉⢹⠨⠉⡉⡍⡍⡇⠍⡉⢿⡇⠭⠁⠈⢭⠉⠩⢹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣶⣾⣿⣶⣾⣷⣶⣷⣶⣾⣿⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣿⣷⣶⣷⣾⣶⣿⣤⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠛⠻⠛⠿⠿⠟⠟⠿⢿⠿⠿⢿⡿⠿⠿⠟⠿⠿⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠿⡛⠿⠿⠿⠿⢻⡿⠿⠿⠿⣿⠻⠿⠿⠿⣿⠿⠿⡿⠿⠿⠻⡿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⢿⠿⠿⠿⠿⠟⠿⢿⡿⠿⠿⣿⠻⠻⠿⠿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣧⣦⣧⣥⣤⣤⣽⣤⣼⣤⣤⣴⣧⣥⣬⣥⣥⣥⣤⣈⣠⣤⣬⣤⣥⣤⣿⣤⣥⣥⣤⣦⣬⣬⣧⣤⣄⣠⣿⣬⣤⣼⣬⣾⣬⣤⣬⣤⣤⣬⣯⣼⣤⣬⣤⣤⣬⣤⣽⣃⣤⣥⣤⣤⣥⣼⣧⣤⣤⣽⣬⣬⣤⣤⣿⣿
⣿⣿⡍⢩⠩⠙⣍⢻⡍⠛⠍⡻⠛⡛⢻⠟⠛⡛⠛⠟⡉⠹⠛⠛⣿⢫⡉⣿⣿⡉⡏⣿⢛⠙⠛⢻⢛⣟⢋⠛⠟⢻⡏⠍⢛⠛⡏⡉⣭⢹⢙⠛⡏⢟⠟⠻⡿⠛⡋⣽⢛⠙⡟⢻⣯⠍⡛⢛⠛⢛⠛⡻⠛⠟⢛⠛⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣶⣶⣶⣷⣴⣾⣶⣶⣶⣴⣦⣶⣿⣦⣶⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣦⣦⣿⣬⣶⣧⣿⣶⣧⣿⣦⣶⣶⣴⣶⣿⣴⣶⣦⣾⣷⣴⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣦⣾⣶⣶⣦⣶⣶⣷⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣼⣷⣶⣧⣶⣾⣦⣦⣴⣦⣦⣶⣶⣿⣿
⣿⣿⡄⡈⠙⠩⠫⠋⡙⠩⡟⢤⢩⡄⡄⢫⠋⠙⡏⡌⡀⡄⡇⡄⣸⢀⡉⡤⠁⣿⢈⠙⠙⢃⢸⡏⠋⢹⡏⡙⠝⢉⠋⠏⠉⠉⠋⢻⣽⠩⠉⣿⢨⠉⡙⠈⠍⢹⡏⠍⠙⡏⡌⢹⢉⠏⡄⡟⠉⡝⠹⠉⠩⠋⠋⢹⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣶⣷⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣷⣶⣶⣶⣷⣾⣷⣶⣶⣷⣾⣶⣾⣶⣿⣶⣷⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣾⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣷⣾⣾⣷⣾⣶⣶⣶⣿⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣾⣷⣶⣾⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣦⣷⣶⣶⣷⣷⣶⣾⣿⣿
⣿⣿⠅⠨⡩⠉⠍⠽⢸⡇⠅⠽⠩⡉⢉⠉⣿⠩⡉⠍⠉⠨⠉⡆⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 646
╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕
(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/irc-log-260422/#comments
Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/04/27/irc-log-260422/
⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.27.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧
Gemini_version_available_♊︎
✐ IRC_Proceedings:_Tuesday,_April_26,_2022⠀✐
Posted in IRC_Logs at 2:57 am by Needs Sunlight
Also available via the Gemini protocol at:
* gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-techrights-260422.gmi
* gemini://gemini.techrights.org/irc-gmi/irc-log-260422.gmi
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Over HTTP:
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#techrights_log_as_HTML5 #boycottnovell_log_as_HTML5
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#boycottnovell-social_log_as_HTML5 #techbytes_log_as_HTML5
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#techrights_log_as_text #boycottnovell_log_as_text
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇t 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴_🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽_⦇text_logs⦈_
#boycottnovell-social_log_as_text #techbytes_log_as_text
Enter_the_IRC_channels_now
=> =============================================================================
§ IPFS Mirrors⠀➾
CID Description Object type
IRC log for
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(full IRC log
as HTML)
IRC log for
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as plain/ASCII
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IRC log for
#boycottnovell-
QmaEpfjjhibUHumCkUuZbtWoaGcDa3bdkMra8qNdSzjxzC social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇HTML5 logs⦈
(full IRC log
as HTML)
IRC log for
#boycottnovell-
QmSAh6BZCJdmwj5ZvVcAWMhoyRzcng9gYHxzUX34THa9G4 social 🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇text logs⦈
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(full IRC log
as HTML)
IRC log for
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as plain/ASCII
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IRC log for
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as HTML)
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as plain/ASCII
text)
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇IPFS logo⦈
§ Bulletin for Yesterday⠀➾
Local_copy | CID (IPFS): QmUeQTHKAjJ9v96gsDvCYLFh5GgXDKixWCuPqS4a8BmfQU
䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 773
╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕
(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/secfud-aggression-and-deflection/#comments
Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/04/27/secfud-aggression-and-deflection/
⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.27.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧
Gemini_version_available_♊︎
✐ Microsoft_Aggression_and_Deflection_(Against_Linux)⠀✐
Posted in Deception, FUD, GNU/Linux, Microsoft, Security, Windows at 3:35 pm by
Dr. Roy Schestowitz
Video_download_link | md5sum e6992ceaa55d089f64f07013fd228f56
Microsoft Loves Linux FUD
Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 4.0
http://techrights.org/videos/the-microsoft-threat-within.webm
Summary: Today we wish to take stock of a bunch of misleading, sensationalist
coverage about “Linux”; as usual, Microsoft is connected to that, even more
directly than one might expect…
THE TECHNICAL sabotage by Microsoft is easily demonstrable, e.g. in_Mesa and in
Linux (the “contributions” by Microsoft are to Microsoft, not to Linux, and
they promote proprietary surveillanceware, not Software Freedom). In the video
above I discuss NTFS in Linux (indirect_link_to_bypass_sites_we_boycott).
“Nothing Microsoft does benefits anyone else,”Ryan said moments ago in IRC,
“except for a few odd cases that were usually less than 100 lines anyway. Which
someone else probably would have done regardless at some point…”
“They try to minimize the usefulness of their “Linux” work to anyone else,
because they don’t want to make “Linux” work better except in shackles under
their Azure crap.”
More importantly, however, so far this week I’ve seen many Linux-hostile
headlines, usually in Microsoft-friendly and/or Microsoft-connected sites which
have historically been Linux-hostile.
Ignoring deliberate holes in Microsoft products, such sites would have you
believe that Linux is the least secure thing on the entire planet!
As we put it in the latest batch of Daily Links, “while CISA admits Microsoft
is full of holes that are actively exploited Microsoft and its faithful media
operatives try to shift attention to “Linux” [as we demonstrated a few days
ago, linking directly to CISA's site]…”
So what on Earth is going on here? “Microsoft concern-trolling Linux while
putting NSA back doors in Windows,” to quote our editorial comment? Speaking of
actively exploited holes, two months after a patch had been made widely
available we see this_article. “This was patched a very long time ago,” we
noted this morning, and “meanwhile, there are dozen of zero-day flaws in
Windows that are remotely exploitable, not local privilege escalation…”
So it seems like there might be distraction going on. And maybe there’s more to
it than meets the eye…
Not only is it very hard for a malicious, unknown actor to actually leverage
such a bug; it’s also hard to prove that Microsoft manipulates the media
consciously in this case. We’d need to see leaked communications to actually
prove such an assertion.
The net effect is the same and Microsoft staff now feeds the media with anti-
Linux talking points. The stories are run by moles of the company, Microsoft-
sympathetic ‘gurus’ who have moreover infiltrated the Linux_Foundation (an
organisation that nowadays ACTIVELY PARTICIPATES in such anti-Linux campaigns
of semi-false talking points).
This keeps happening. We see it once in a few months, and this time it
culminates in “old news” being rerun (about a bug properly patched more than 50
days ago [1, 2, 3, 4] and before it was even known to the general public).
The real problem, according to CISA, is Microsoft. But CISA’s “blog” almost
never mentions “Microsoft”. It just maintains a catalogue many Microsoft flaws.
“If there is a problem affecting non-Microsoft systems,” an associate told us
today, “then that is unusual and therefore news. If there is a remote exploit
in the wild being actively exploited against Microsoft systems, that is the
normal situation and thus not news.”
Towards the end of the video I show this_new_blog_post_from_Debian’s_Russell
Coker, noting that Microsoft gives the NSA et al direct access to PCs, so no
“security” measures from Microsoft should be taken seriously, to quote the
latest_Daily_Links.
To quote Ryan, who is a former Microsoft MVP: “Local Privilege Escalations are
bugs, yes, but they are of low concern (and do get fixed). Anyone with direct
physical access to a computer can elevate their privileges eventually. And on
Windows there’s a ton of them which sometimes even bypass the TPM and
Bitlocker. There was one in the print spooler, for example, last summer. But it
happens all the time on Windows and you don’t even see it much in “the news”.
Any user on the machine could become SYSTEM and read your files, even if they
were “protected”. So that’s Windows for you.”
bnchs noted that “in GNU/Linux, you would have to boot to another OS to get
root.”
Quoting Ryan some more: “Becoming SYSTEM is an even bigger disaster than
becoming ADMINISTRATOR, because in Windows, this means that you’re…well, part
of the system. You can even patch and hook into things that are “secured” and
off limits to ADMINISTRATOR. Stuff that normally requires digital signing no
longer requires digital signing. So at this point, rootkit? Sure. And all it
takes is someone running as a Guest or as a user with no administrator hat to
run a file that knows where the vulnerabilities are. Microsoft was in the news
(their news) recently for raising the bug bounty. It’s still less than
Google’s, and way less than what those things are worth to nation state
attackers, terrorists, and ransomware outfits. By a factor of $10,000:$1
sometimes.”
MinceR said it’s “still wasted money from their perspective [as] that could be
better spent on corruption, ads and lawyers…”
Ryan continued: “Even if you get $40,000 out of Microsoft’s bug bounty system
somehow, the ransomware gangs can just exploit it and make $20 million or more
on one hit. So they’ll pay better each time and it’s simply up to the
conscience of whoever found the problem in Windows as to what they want to do
with it at that point. So the bug bounties are a ruse, a smoke screen, and the
illusion of responsibility. In Linux, people find and fix bugs all the time.
The code isn’t hidden. That leads, usually, to inevitable discovery, and quick
patching.”
“People want to find bugs in Linux and report and fix hundreds of the same
type, so they develop tools that can do things like that. Microsoft is annoyed
that you reported one. Even over a decade ago before profiling tools were not
as robust, not by a long shot, Coverity Scan admitted that “open source
software, in general” was less than half as buggy as a comparable proprietary
program. The proprietary software is sort of like the worst case situation for
your security because they have little incentive to fix it unless there’s
already malware out there and they just can’t hide the bugs any longer.”
“It’s like General Motors [GM] putting defective ignition switches in millions
of cars for a decade after they knew they were shutting off the car
unexpectedly and killing people in accidents. GM figured it’ll cost $1 a car to
fix this problem, then come all of the recalls, and we’ll just grind them down
with stall tactics and lawyers and stuff if they ever find out, and the
settlement will still cost less. So that’s what we do.” █
Update: Since we made the video above a bunch of other Microsoft boosters (with
history) joined this FUD campaign. Of course they don’t mention what happened
to Windows this past week (CISA reports). Left out from the video (3 examples)
are:
* ⚓ Microsoft_discovers_‘several’_vulnerabilities_affecting_Linux_desktop
endpoints⠀⇛
* ⚓ Microsoft_warns:_These_flaws_could_give_attackers_root_privileges_on
Linux_desktops⠀⇛
* ⚓ Nimbuspwn_Linux_Bugs_Could_Provide_Root_Access⠀⇛
And about half a dozen more. Screenshot below:
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽⦇Microsoft-anti-linux_FUD⦈
But yes, Microsoft loves Linux…
Microsoft loves Linux FUD.
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
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⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⣤⡄⠀⣄⣠⡄⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⣿⠸⠀⡇⠇⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠉⠁⠈⠀⠉⠀⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⢇⣭⣤⣠⡄⠀⡏⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠈⠹⠞⣛⣽⠂⠀⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣧⣦⣤⣠⣤⣤⣤⣆⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣩⣍⠉⣭⣩⡉⠉⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⢀⢀⡀⣀⡀⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠉⠈⠉⠉⠀⠉⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠈⠉⠉⠉⠉⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⠉⠙⢟⣿⣭⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣇⢀⣤⣟⣿⣻⡽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠐⠙⣯⡷⣟⢾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠘⢬⣻⣼⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⠉⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⢀⡆⣒⣴⣦⡀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠁⣾⢷⡻⡻⠁⠈⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡏⠀⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣷⣿⣿⣷⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⢿⣿⢿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠰⢂⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠠⠘⠃⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⠟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡛⠿⠛⠁⠀⢠⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡗⠜⠓⠒⠠⠀⠈⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡇⠉⠀⠀⠉⠀⠀⠀⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣷⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣶⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
⣿⣿⣿⣿⢛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡟⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⠛⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿
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䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1029
╒═══════════════════ 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄 ═════════════════════════════════════════════════╕
(ℹ) Images, hyperlinks and comments at http://techrights.org/2022/04/27/software-from-minsk/#comments
Gemini version at gemini://gemini.techrights.org/2022/04/27/software-from-minsk/
⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.27.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧
Gemini_version_available_♊︎
✐ History_of_Software_From_Minsk_(SaM),_Belarus_by_Proxy⠀✐
Posted in Europe, Patents at 12:59 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz
Video_download_link | md5sum b2582a7f369824cd9e78519aa4cff764
Who Made SaM
Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 4.0
http://techrights.org/videos/sam-belarus-timeline.webm
Summary: Essential EPO work has been outsourced to Belarus by Benoît
Battistelli and now António_Campinos, Battistelli’s friend, has the audacity to
claim the EPO has moral high ground (while funneling EPO funds to Belarus)
TODAY we’ve finished covering about a third of the series, which started_this
past_Saturday, almost exactly two months after Putin had invaded Ukraine with
help from Lukashenko (who isn’t particularly popular in Belarus but is ruling
by force just like Putin). The video above says a few things not covered in
Part 5. Those are mostly personal thoughts.
Here are the first 5 parts for some further context:
Rijswijk
There’s a lot more to come. Tomorrow we’ll show or explain what Lukashenko
means to Belarus.
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇Benoît Battistelli and Luka⦈ There are commonalities or
similarities to the EPO, where almost 0% of the staff trusts the President (it
was just 3% two years ago).
There’s an important staff survey going on (with deadline ending this coming
Friday; hopefully almost everyone will participate). In Belarus, like in the
EPO, opinion polls that aren’t controlled by the dictator became de facto
verboten because they helped disprove the “rule by consent” delusion; in the
EPO’s case, staff that helped with polls got mentally tortured by Battistelli’s
‘Stasi’ — to the point of breakdown.
Lukashenko isn’t just a name; Lukashenko is a modus operandi. █
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䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 1119
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Gemini_version_available_♊︎
✐ Links_28/04/2022:_New_Official_Release_of_IPFire,_FSF_Hiring⠀✐
Posted in News_Roundup at 6:59 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈
§ Contents⠀➾
* GNU/Linux
o Distributions
o Devices/Embedded
* Free_Software/Open_Source
* Leftovers
* § GNU/Linux⠀➾
o ⚓ IT Pro ☛ Windows_vs._Linux_vs._Mac:_the_channel_comparison_|_IT
PRO⠀⇛
With Linux being open source software, its code can be
tweaked and modified to meet specific user requirements –
something which is not possible with the closed source
Windows and macOS systems. While that can mean support is
not as easily accessible, it’s this flexibility that has
helped make Linux a popular choice with the developer
community and certain sections of the enterprise user
base.
o § Desktop/Laptop⠀➾
# ⚓ Bryan Lunduke ☛ 6_Dirty_Secrets_of_the_Linux_and_Open
Source_Industry⠀⇛
The Linux Foundation is funded (and controlled) by
Microsoft and Facebook
As of 2018, the cost of a “Platinum Membership” to
the Linux Foundation cost $500,000 USD (half a
million) per year. A system that propelled The
Linux Foundation revenue up to $177 Million dollars
in 2021.
Platinum Members include Microsoft, Oracle, and
Facebook (now Meta).
The Board of Directors of The Linux Foundation is
made up of representatives from Facebook (Meta),
Microsoft, and Amazon (who employs the Chair).
Think you’re being rebellious — and staying clear
of Big Tech — by using Linux? Think again.
Who controls and funds the foundation which
controls Linux?
Microsoft, Facebook, and Amazon.
# ⚓ Dedoimedo ☛ Moving_from_Windows_to_Linux_–_Disk
management⠀⇛
Today, I’d like to break away from my recent
template of Windows-to-Linux tutorials, which have
focused on showing you how to install, configure
and use a variety of programs, typically designed
or intended only for Windows, using frameworks like
WINE. What we shall discuss today is the juicy
topic of disk and drive management.
Beyond applications, there’s data to reckon with.
And data is critical to everything. Things become
extra complicated when one considers the cardinal
differences between Windows and Linux. The former
uses NTFS, and data is organized in drives (C:, D:,
etc). Linux stores everything under one filesystem
tree (root, /), and uses different filesystem
formats (like ext4), although it can handle NTFS.
So then, what gives if you’re trying to move your
stuff over? This tutorial is a neat suggestion for
those looking for order, simplicity and clarity.
# ⚓ Liliputing ☛ Beelink_SER_4_4800U_X_pairs_a_Ryzen_7_CPU_with
Manjaro_Linux_–_Liliputing⠀⇛
Tiny PC specialist Beelink is offering up a new
model that ships with a Linux-based OS
preinstalled. The SER 4 4800U X pairs an AMD Ryzen
7 4800U processor with the popular Manjaro distro.
o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾
# ⚓ Video ☛ SOLVED:_Pacman_Wouldn’t_Let_Me_Run_An_Update!_–
Invidious⠀⇛
If you run Arch Linux or a distribution based on
Arch Linux, you will occasionally encounter errors
when using the package manager (pacman).
# ⚓ Video ☛ The_Most_Usable_Minimal_Terminal_Calendar!_–
Invidious⠀⇛
Calcurse is a great application but if you want to
go even more minimal than that how about you try
out when which is as minimal as you can go while
still being productive
# ⚓ Video ☛ How_to_install_LeoCAD_on_Debian_11_–_Invidious⠀⇛
In this video, we are looking at how to install
LeoCAD on Debian 11.
# ⚓ FLOSS_Weekly_678:_Of_Musk,_Mastodon_and_More_–_Ethan
Zuckerman,_Mastodon_and_the_Future_of_Twitter⠀⇛
Now that Twitter is a Musk mystery, what becomes
of, well, everything? Ethan Zuckerman raises even
more questions than he answers in a thought-filled
hour of conversation with Doc Searls and Simon
Phipps on FLOSS Weekly.
# ⚓ Jupiter Broadcasting ☛ You_Git_What_You_Pay_For_|_Coder
Radio_463⠀⇛
Mike battles the onslaught of yet another bout with
the plague. At the same time, we react live to Elon
buying Twitter, Gitlab kicking off some free
accounts, and we discover Google and Apple are
working together again to pull the rug on app
developers.
# ⚓ Video ☛ There_will_NEVER_be_a_year_of_the_Linux_desktop,
but…_–_Invidious⠀⇛
# ⚓ Video ☛ Easily_moving_Linux_installs_–_Invidious⠀⇛
Are you tired of having to reset all your app
settings on a new install? Using a simple tool you
will never have to reconfig your app settings
again. Also adding new apps and programs are
extremely simple and intuitive. Stop wasting your
time and start using Chezmoi to restore your app
settings.
# ⚓ Video ☛ Pop!_OS_22.04:_Full_Review_–_Invidious⠀⇛
The latest LTS release of one of the most popular
desktop distributions is finally here – say hello
to Pop!_OS 22.04! In this video, Jay will give you
all the details about the release, including its
new features, how it differs from Ubuntu, and more!
o § Kernel Space⠀➾
# ⚓ Linuxiac ☛ The_Future_of_the_NTFS_Linux_Driver_as_Part_of
the_Kernel_Is_in_Question⠀⇛
After Paragon’s NTFS3 driver was accepted to become
part of the Linux kernel last year, it has not
received a single line of code maintenance.
Let’s start with a brief background of events. The
NTFS support in the Linux kernel has always been an
important part. After all, a vast number of Linux
users rely on it to be able to use the Windows file
systems fully under Linux.
Unfortunately, the existing Linux NTFS driver,
which implementation dated back to 2001, was
unmaintained in the kernel and lacked proper write
support and other features.
# ⚓ SocketCAN_x_Kubernetes⠀⇛
The SocketCAN package is an implementation of CAN
protocols for Linux. Generally speaking, CAN is a
networking technology that has widespread use in
automation, embedded devices, and automotive
fields. While there have been other CAN
implementations for Linux, SocketCAN uses the
Berkeley socket API, the Linux network stack, and
implements the CAN device drivers as network
interfaces, often making it the first choice for a
CAN implementation.
Recently, we worked on a project where we used
Kubernetes to control and automate deployments and
updates. One component of our workflow required the
availability of a CAN interface inside the
Kubernetes Pod; to our surprise, such support
didn’t exist. Fast forward to today, and SocketCAN
support is now available in the form of a
Kubernetes SocketCAN device plugin!
o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾
# ⚓ Hardware_for_a_syslog-ng_server_–_Blog_–_syslog-ng
Community_–_syslog-ng_Community⠀⇛
What hardware to use for a syslog-ng server? It is
a frequent question with no definite answer. It
depends on many factors: the number and type of
sources, the number of logs, the way logs are
processed, and so on. My experience is that for the
majority users even a Raspberry Pi would be enough.
But of course, not for everyone.
# ⚓ Apollo_ISO_bug_is_fixed_for_most_users_and_also_a
workaround_for_those_who_need_it.⠀⇛
e have received messages that our recent Apollo ISO
resulted in failed installations due to the
recently updated Archlinux keyring.
# ⚓ Vitux ☛ How_to_Write_a_Shell_Script_in_Ubuntu_–_VITUX⠀⇛
A shell script is a Linux-based script in which
commands are written. When a user executes the
script, all the commands that are in the script are
executed one after another. Think of it like this:
You have a task to do, for which you need to write
a certain number of commands, and it is difficult
to write and execute these commands one by one.
# ⚓ Vitux ☛ How_to_Flush_the_DNS_Cache_on_Ubuntu_–_VITUX⠀⇛
The DNS or the Domain Name Server can be
characterized as one of the most essential parts of
your link to the internet. The DNS translates the
domain names to and from the IP addresses so that
we don’t need to remember or keep a list of all the
IP addresses of the websites we ever want to
access. Our systems also maintain a list of DNS
records so that we can access our frequently
visited websites faster through a quick resolution
of IP addresses. This cache on our system needs to
be flushed from time to time. This is required
because websites may change their addresses time
and again, so it is a good idea to avoid IP
conflict by clearing the cache. Flushing the cache
is also a good way to clear unnecessary data
residing on our systems.
# ⚓ How_to_Upgrade_to_Ubuntu_22.04⠀⇛
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish) was released on
April 21, 2022, and it will be supported for five
years. It comes with many new packages and major
software upgrades, including the latest versions of
OpenSSL, GCC, Python, Ruby, and PHP. This release
is based on the Linux 5.15 LTS kernel and adds
support for new hardware and filesystems.
The desktop edition comes with kernel v5.17, GNOME
42, and a new screenshot and screen recording tool.
This tutorial explains how to upgrade to Ubuntu
22.04 LTS from Ubuntu 20.04 or Ubuntu 21.10.
# ⚓ ID Root ☛ How_To_Install_VirtualBox_on_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS_–
idroot⠀⇛
In this tutorial, we will show you how to install
VirtualBox on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS. For those of you
who didn’t know, VirtualBox is a free and open-
source virtualization tool for desktops and
servers. It is an alternative to VMware workstation
player and other virtualization software out there.
VirtualBox supports the guest virtual machines
running Windows, Linux, BSD, much more operating
systems.
This article assumes you have at least basic
knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and
most importantly, you host your site on your own
VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes
you are running in the root account, if not you may
need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root
privileges. I will show you the step-by-step
installation of Oracle’s VirtualBox on Ubuntu 22.04
(Jammy Jellyfish). You can follow the same
instructions for Ubuntu 22.04 and any other Debian-
based distribution like Linux Mint, Elementary OS,
Pop!_OS, and more as well.
# ⚓ Touch_Command_in_Linux_–_Options_+_Examples⠀⇛
The Linux operating system has multiple objects,
such as application files, directories, system
files, and binary files. These objects contain
metadata information along with the files, which
include create, access, and modification time.
Sometimes, you may need to update these timestamps
and the Linux touch command is a way to do it.
# ⚓ Linux Made Simple ☛ How_to_install_VRoid_Studio_1.6.0_on_a
Chromebook⠀⇛
Today we are looking at how to install VRoid Studio
1.6.0 on a Chromebook. Please follow the video/
audio guide as a tutorial where we explain the
process step by step and use the commands below.
# ⚓ TechTarget ☛ How_to_conduct_Linux_privilege_escalations⠀⇛
We can begin the kernel exploitation process by
taking a look at how to use kernel exploits with
the Metasploit framework. The Metasploit framework
offers an automated and modularized solution and
streamlines the exploitation process.
# ⚓ Make Use Of ☛ How_to_Install_and_Use_Annotator:_An_Image
Annotation_Tool_for_Linux⠀⇛
Linux offers various image manipulation tools to
help you edit images. Some of the popular ones
include GIMP, Pinta, and Krita. However, while
these tools offer tonnes of features and serve the
needs of most users, many of them have a steep
learning curve, and the added complexity in
features makes them overkill for basic image
editing and annotation needs.
For such use-cases, you rather need an annotation
tool, like Annotator, which simplifies image
manipulation and lets you annotate images with just
a few clicks.
Follow along as we walk you through the steps to
install and use Annotator on Linux.
o § Distributions⠀➾
# ⚓ IPFire Official Blog ☛ blog.ipfire.org_–_IPFire_2.27_–_Core
Update_167_released⠀⇛
Another update of IPFire is ready: IPFire 2.27 –
Core Update 167. It brings an updated kernel in
which we continue our efforts to harden IPFire even
further; various package updates including bug and
security fixes as well as smaller improvements
throughout the distribution.
# ⚓ Make Use Of ☛ 5_Reasons_to_Try_Out_Zorin_OS_(and_Which
Edition_to_Go_For)⠀⇛
Each Linux distribution provides a particular
feature set suitable for a specific target
audience. With so many options to choose from, you
may find it hard to select the right one.
Users from other operating systems, such as Windows
and macOS, often find it challenging to switch to
Linux for various reasons, and that’s where Zorin
OS, an Ubuntu-based Linux distro, arrives on the
scene.
This distro is an excellent choice if you are new
to Linux. Its interface and features are similar to
other popular OSes and help you quickly shift to
Linux. Here are some reasons why you should install
Zorin OS as your next (or first) Linux distro.
# § New Releases⠀➾
# ⚓ Beta News ☛ Linux_Lite_6.0_RC1_is_here_with_Google
Chrome_as_new_default_web_browser⠀⇛
Now that Ubuntu 22.04 has been released, we
will start to see updates to all the Linux
distributions that are based on Canonical’s
operating system. For instance, the first
release candidate of Linux Lite 6.0, which is
based on Ubuntu 22.04, is now available. If
you aren’t familiar, Linux Lite is very
popular with those that are switching to
Linux from Microsoft Windows.
Linux Lite 6.0 RC1 is notable for ditching
Mozilla Firefox as the default web browser,
and switching to Google Chrome 100 instead.
The operating system currently uses Linux
kernel 5.15.0-25 and the desktop environment
Xfce 4.16.3. It comes with some excellent
software pre-installed, such as GIMP 2.10.30,
Thunderbird 91.7.0, VLC 3.0.16, and
LibreOffice 7.2.6.2.
# § Arch Family⠀➾
# ⚓ 9to5Linux ☛ Arch_Linux’s_Archinstall_Gets_a_Brand-New
Menu_System,_Many_Other_New_Features⠀⇛
The biggest new feature of the Archinstall
2.4.1 release is a completely new menu
system, which you can see in the screenshot
above. The brand-new menu system uses the
simple-term-menu Python package that creates
simple interactive menus on the command line
and it’s accessibility friendly. In addition,
Guided has been updated to use the new menu
system.
# § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾
# ⚓ LWN ☛ Fedora_not_deprecating_legacy_BIOS_–_yet_
[LWN.net]⠀⇛
As was recently reported here, the Fedora
project has been considering dropping support
for legacy BIOS systems in upcoming releases.
The idea was controversial at best, and the
minutes from the April 26 FESCo meeting show
that it has been rejected, for now at least.
The BIOS SIG will be asked for a new plan for
BIOS support in Fedora.
# ⚓ TechRepublic ☛ AlmaLinux_9_beta_is_now_available_and
introduces_several_improvements⠀⇛
AlmaLinux is a Linux distribution that is 1:
1 binary compatible with Red Hat Enterprise
Linux. That means it’s perfectly at home as
an enterprise server operating system capable
of handling anything you can throw at it.
This server-centric operating system was
first released in 2021 as a drop-in
replacement for CentOS and would serve as an
alternative to RHEL.
[...]
With RHEL 9 releasing in May, it should come
as no surprise that AlmaLinux 9 will follow
in its footsteps. Although there is no
official release date for the next iteration
of AlmaLinux, what we do know is that the
beta has finally arrived and although it’s
not a major departure from what was offered
in AlmaLinux 8, there’s certainly enough to
garner a bit of excitement about this next
release.
# ⚓ Red Hat Official ☛ Compliance_as_Code:_Extending
compliance_automation_for_process_improvement⠀⇛
Supply chain disruptions, intellectual
property theft and the rising cost of data
breaches are among the top reasons for a
drastic increase in global focus on
cybersecurity compliance.
Regulated industries face more stringent
requirements, and some organizations now
require third-party assessments instead of
using internal teams to verify compliance
with cybersecurity frameworks. Non-regulated
industries can also leverage the same
standards in order to reduce their security
risk. Compliance automation is increasingly
important to manage the growing burden that
security teams face.
# ⚓ Red_Hat_report:_Enterprise_open_source_new_pandemic
response [Ed: "PARTNER CONTENT" means IBM/Red Hat now
bribes sites and publishers for puff pieces]⠀⇛
Red Hat recently released The State of
Enterprise Open Source 2022 report, which
highlights the changing perceptions about the
use of the open source development model in
the enterprise technology space.
Now in its fourth year, the survey of nearly
1,300 IT decision makers reveals how
organisations are increasingly shifting to
open source software solutions to address
COVID-19 related challenges and tackle new
market demands for quality, speed and an
evolving cybersecurity landscape.
# § Debian Family⠀➾
# ⚓ Louis-Philippe_Véronneau_–_Montreal’s_Debian_&_Stuff
–_April_2022⠀⇛
After two long years of COVID hiatus, local
Debian events in Montreal are back! Last
Sunday, nine of us met at Koumbit to work on
Debian (and other stuff!), chat and
socialise.
Even though these events aren’t always the
most productive, it was super fun and
definitely helps keeping me motivated to work
on Debian in my spare time.
# § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾
# ⚓ Ubuntu ☛ Ubuntu_Blog:_Design_and_Web_team_summary_–
22_April_2022⠀⇛
The Web and design team at Canonical run two-
week iterations building and maintaining all
of the Canonical websites and product web
interfaces. Here are some of the highlights
of our completed work from this iteration.
o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾
# ⚓ PR Newswire ☛ Incredibuild_Launches_Support_for_Yocto
Project®_–_Bolstering_Solution_for_Linux⠀⇛
Incredibuild, creator of the first hybrid
acceleration platform for development processes,
announced today support for The Yocto Project®, an
opensource collaboration project that helps
developers create custom Linux-based systems
regardless of hardware architecture. Incredibuild’s
newly launched support for Yocto & Automotive Grade
Linux (AGL) allows the embedded software
development industry to build on-prem and in the
cloud while significantly reducing build times and
cutting cloud costs.
# ⚓ Enterprise Talk ☛ MontaVista_Launches_MVEdge,_a
Commercially_Supported_End-to-End_Solution_for_the
Intelligent_Edge_–_EnterpriseTalk⠀⇛
MontaVista® Software, LLC, a leader in commercial
Embedded Linux® products and services, today
announced MVEdge, a full-platform solution for the
Intelligent Edge, specifically aimed at gateway-
style devices.
MVEdge allows customers to focus their development
resources on developing and enhancing their core
products on top of a Linux platform, with
MontaVista providing the full DevOps environment
from source to deployment, including a pre-
integrated security framework for the run-time
platform and support for production security
processes.
# ⚓ RFID_With_Arduino_Uno:_RC522_Wiring_and_Code⠀⇛
This tutorial explains how to connect the RFID
(RC522) with Arduino Uno. Features, wiring diagram
and code detailed
# ⚓ Mini_Plex_Server_Running_On_A_ZimaBoard_With_A_480GB_SSD_–
The_DIY_Life⠀⇛
In this project, we’re going to be making a Mini
Plex Server with SSD storage using a ZimaBoard. If
you haven’t heard of a ZimaBoard before, it’s a
low-cost, feature-rich single board server – we’ll
take a look at some of its features once we get it
unboxed.
# § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾
# ⚓ Android Authority ☛ Android_13_beta_1_shows_face
unlock_on_Pixel_6_Pro,_but_there’s_a_catch⠀⇛
# ⚓ Android Police ☛ OnePlus_Nord_2_gets_a_taste_of
Android_12_with_its_first_OxygenOS_12_Open_Beta⠀⇛
# ⚓ Notebook Check ☛ Xiaomi_OLED_Vision_55_Smart_TV
arrives_with_Android_TV_11,_Dolby_Vision_IQ,_8_speakers
and_a_4K_OLED_panel_–_NotebookCheck.net_News⠀⇛
# ⚓ Sportskeeda ☛ Ranking_all_available_GTA_games_on
Android_in_2022⠀⇛
# ⚓ 9to5Google ☛ How_to_delete_your_Twitter_account_on
Android_–_9to5Google⠀⇛
# ⚓ XDA ☛ New_Android_Auto_update_brings_one-tap_message
replies⠀⇛
o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾
# ⚓ 6_Best_Alternative_Router_Firmware_that_are_Open_Source_–
DekiSoft⠀⇛
Firmware is basically the OS that comes on the
router pre-installed. Now each manufacturer carries
its own version. Just like OS there on your phone
device or personal PC, it controls all inner
workings of the device.
# § Content Management Systems (CMS)⠀➾
# ⚓ Kiwi_TCMS_–_Kiwi_TCMS_11.3⠀⇛
We’re happy to announce Kiwi TCMS version
11.3 which is the 100th tagged version in our
git repository!
# § FSF⠀➾
# ⚓ FSF ☛ FSF_job_opportunity:_Licensing_and_compliance
manager [Ed: This is not an expansion but brain
drain]⠀⇛
The Free Software Foundation (FSF), a
Massachusetts 501(c)(3) charity with a
worldwide mission to protect computer user
freedom, seeks a motivated and talented
Boston-based individual to be our full-time
licensing and compliance manager.
This position, reporting to the executive
director, works as a critical member of our
licensing and compliance team to protect and
promote the use of freely licensed works of
software and documentation. For over twenty
years, the FSF’s Licensing & Compliance Lab
has been the preeminent community resource
for free licensing. From principled
enforcement of the GNU General Public License
(GPL), to certifying software and devices as
respectful of user freedom, to the writing
and distribution of licensing-related
educational materials, the team does work
vital for the free software movement.
# § Programming/Development⠀➾
# § Perl/Raku⠀➾
# ⚓ Perl ☛ Perl_Weekly_Challenge_162:_ISBN-13_and
Wheatstone-Playfair⠀⇛
# § Shell/Bash/Zsh/Ksh⠀➾
# ⚓ Linux.org ☛ Bash_05_–_Script_Logic⠀⇛
Probably the most important aspect of
scripting is using logic operators to
control the flow of the script.
Sometimes a script needs to do more
than run each command in order from the
beginning to the end of the script.
There are many times when you need to
control the flow of a script to allow
different things to happen based on the
parameters that you specify. For
example, you may need to verify that a
file or folder exists before you copy
certain files into the folder.
We have basically four logic features
that we need to cover in this article.
There are more logic features we will
cover later, but these features will
aid you in script flow.
o § Standards/Consortia⠀➾
# ⚓ Public Knowledge ☛ Movin’_On_Up_A_Little_Higher,_Part_1:
Starting_to_‘Get_Up_Offa_That_Thang’_with_Interoperability_–
Public_Knowledge⠀⇛
You can view the introduction of this series at
publicknowledge.org/Movin’. Download detailed
charts of both legislative proposals to follow
along with our analysis.
The Black-empowerment hit-maker James Brown mostly
sang about movement – physical, mental, emotional,
spiritual, social, political, and even economic.
The Godfather of Soul recalls being dehydrated and
fatigued on tour, but he jolted back to life when
he saw the audience in a Fort Lauderdale club
reflecting his exhaustion. He yelled “Get Up Offa
That Thang, and dance ‘til you feel better… SING!”
And that was the birth of his 1974 smash-hit. The
cure for collective exhaustion was movement. As
consumers, we are exhausted with the harms of some
of the largest digital platforms. We all want the
choice to start moving. But, movement away from the
largest digital platforms isn’t easy. Nevertheless,
we must push ourselves and our communities to “Get
Up Offa Them Thangs” with interoperability.
A growing class of Afro-descendant tech
entrepreneurs have heard and experienced the
downsides of the largest digital platforms and have
decided to create their own platforms. The pre-
Facebook social media network Black Planet, as well
as The Cookout, Bean, RAMŚE, and Black Twitter, all
want to compete with Facebook to create safer and
more inclusive spaces for Black communities.
Fanbase and MelaninPeople are seeking to compete
with YouTube for Black content creators who often
get uncredited and underpaid for viral content.
TruSo and Zimela are vying to compete with
Microsoft-owned LinkedIn to cultivate a
professional social network. Black-owned wholesale
retailers like WeBuyBlack.com are seeking to offer
more diverse and culturally inclusive products
directly from sellers of color around the world.
Platforms that carefully curate Black-owned
businesses and Black-inspired goods, services, and
experiences like Support Black Owned, Official
Black Wall Street, Black Owned Association, Black
Owned Brooklyn, and EatOkra are trying to offer
alternatives to Google’s ginormous search engine
and Amazon’s mammoth marketplace of everything.
* § Leftovers⠀➾
o ⚓ Tedium ☛ Bubble_Hockey_History:_For_the_Hockey_Lovers_in_Your
Life⠀⇛
The nature of invention and innovation has been on my
mind the past few weeks. Specifically, why we attribute
some innovations to particular individuals but not
others. Henry Ford didn’t invent the assembly line but
it’s credited as one of the innovations that made his
automobile company one of the most profitable. A.C.
Gilbert didn’t really invent the Erector Set but its
success and his charisma helped him become one of the
largest toy manufacturers in the world. Plenty of
business tycoons find success with products they didn’t
invent, or even significantly innovate in a meaningful
way. Elon Musk bought his way into Tesla Motors, he
wasn’t its founder and, of course, the electric car was
invented some 80 years before his birth. But perhaps the
simplest way to understand why certain business leaders
get credit over others is to look at an arcade game
popular in colder climates or any place where hockey fans
congregate. Today’s Tedium is looking at bubble hockey
and the lawyer-turned-game-maker that became its chief
champion—and why it might matter to American patent law
in coming years.
o ⚓ The_World_Language⠀⇛
In Lojban there is an expression, “malglico” (c
pronounced as sch) which means “English can go to hell“.
(L1 means first language, the first language a given
person has learned (“mother tongue” as it used to be
called), and L2 means all other languages.)
But English is the world’s most widely spoken L2; four
times more people know it than the second most common L2,
the MSA variety of Arabic. Though that’s just a written
language, and we were talking about spoken L2. Hindi in
that case, also about a quarter of English.
o ⚓ Stumbles_in_the_door…⠀⇛
I am being demoted at work.
It is a administrative reorganisation thing, unique I
guess to huge administrations.
Same job, same money – for now, different title (under-
minion)
Someone somewhere does not know what I do, and luckily
management are asking awkward questions…
o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾
# § Proprietary⠀➾
# § Security⠀➾
# ⚓ Wired ☛ Hackers_Are_Getting_Caught_Exploiting
New_Bugs_More_Than_Ever⠀⇛
A pair of reports from Mandiant and
Google found a spike in exploited zero-
day vulnerabilities in 2021. The
question is, why?
# ⚓ Bruce Schneier ☛ Zero-Day_Vulnerabilities_Are
on_the_Rise_–_Schneier_on_Security⠀⇛
Both Google and Mandiant are reporting
a significant increase in the number of
zero-day vulnerabilities reported in
2021.
# ⚓ LWN ☛ Security_updates_for_Wednesday_
[LWN.net]⠀⇛
Security updates have been issued by
Mageia (virtualbox), Red Hat
(container-tools:2.0, container-tools:
3.0, gzip, kernel, kernel-rt, kpatch-
patch, mariadb:10.3, mariadb:10.5,
maven-shared-utils, polkit, vim,
xmlrpc-c, and zlib), Scientific Linux
(maven-shared-utils), SUSE (ant,
go1.17, go1.18, kernel, and xen), and
Ubuntu (fribidi, git, libcroco,
libsepol, linux, linux-gcp, linux-ibm,
linux-lowlatency, openjdk-17, and
openjdk-lts).
# ⚓ CISA ☛ 2021_Top_Routinely_Exploited
Vulnerabilities [Ed: A lot of "Microsoft" in
there]⠀⇛
CISA, the National Security Agency
(NSA), the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), the Australian
Cyber Security Centre (ACSC), the
Canadian Centre for Cyber Security
(CCCS), the New Zealand National Cyber
Security Centre (NZ NCSC), and the
United Kingdom’s National Cyber
Security Centre (NCSC-UK) have released
a joint Cybersecurity Advisory that
provides details on the top 15 Common
Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs)
routinely exploited by malicious cyber
actors in 2021, as well as other CVEs
frequently exploited.
# ⚓ FreeBSD_based_Citrix_VPN_hacked_in_massive
hostpital_healthcare_hack_in_Germany_CVE_2019
19781_–_hits_healthcare_hospital_in_Germany,
causing_death_of_(at_least)_1_person [Ed:
Microsoft_Windows_kills_hospital_patients_all_the
time]⠀⇛
# ⚓ diaspora*_version_0.7.17.0_released_with
security_fixes!_–_The_diaspora*_Project⠀⇛
We just released a new diaspora*
version, which addresses two critical
security issues in the Ruby on Rails
framework, as well as one medium
security issue in our code discovered
by a security researcher.
# § Fear, Uncertainty, Doubt/Fear-mongering/
Dramatisation⠀➾
# ⚓ The Record ☛ Microsoft_discovers
‘several’_vulnerabilities_affecting_Linux
desktop_endpoints [Ed: We’ve_responded_to
this]⠀⇛
# ⚓ ZDNet ☛ Microsoft_warns:_These_flaws
could_give_attackers_root_privileges_on
Linux_desktops [Ed: We’ve_responded_to
this]⠀⇛
# ⚓ InfoSecurity Magazine ☛ Nimbuspwn_Linux
Bugs_Could_Provide_Root_Access [Ed: We’ve
responded_to_this]⠀⇛
# ⚓ TechTarget ☛ Why_companies_should_focus
on_preventing_privilege_escalation [Ed:
Microsoft is spearheading a media FUD
attack on Linux at the moment, looking to
distract from its own major security
blunders? Why isn't "Linux" Foundation
responding? Oh, sorry, I forget it's among
Microsoft's bribe recipients]⠀⇛
Ahmed: Individuals getting into
cybersecurity pen testing, such
as red teamers and even blue
teamers, benefit from learning
about the big techniques to
leverage. The systems you’re most
likely to encounter during
engagements are Windows, with a
fair share of Linux, too.
# § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾
# ⚓ AccessNow ☛ Encrypt_all_the_messages_—
across_all_the_platforms⠀⇛
It should be clear to everyone
now: E2EE is beneficial and
desirable to support a rights-
respecting society. If E2EE is
desirable, then conceptually,
it’s also desirable to make
secure messaging interoperable
across major communications
platforms. I’ll explain why.
o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾
# ⚓ The_global_dangers_of_Elon_Musk’s_Twitter_takeover⠀⇛
The internet was abuzz yesterday after news broke
that Elon Musk’s $44 billion buyout of Twitter had
gone through. Musk, a self-proclaimed “free speech
absolutist,” has made it clear that he believes
Twitter overzealously moderates content and that he
favors an approach with fewer takedowns, open
algorithms, and “authentication of all humans.” In
announcing the agreement, he said: “Free speech is
the bedrock of a functioning democracy, and Twitter
is the digital town square where matters vital to
the future of humanity are debated.”
o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾
# ⚓ According_to_Wikipedia,_AAA_has_a_bad_record_of_supporting
measures_that_harm_motorists_and_car_owners._–_BaronHK’s
Rants⠀⇛
It’s always nice to find out that an organization
you pay membership dues to every year is lobbying
to foist reduced speed limits that rack up more
fines from the state, speed trap and red light
cameras that were the center of another Illinois
bribery and corruption scandal, which increase car
accidents but are kept as a license to rip off the
public, a federal 55 mph speed limit that existed
in my lifetime that nobody paid attention to and
went mostly unenforced in many states because even
the cops thought it was so stupid, and billing
people a VMT tax on top of the gas tax on top of
the registration fees.
o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾
# ⚓ Third_Party⠀⇛
As I write this post, I am frustrated. Why am I
frustrated? Because I found a little old site that
had but one functionality: you input a Twitter user
into the single search field and get all their
media. And then I lost the tab. You’re probably
thinking without the fatty JS it would be Nitter
which is indeed great; except that wasn’t it
because it was way simpler than Nitter.
These days when you stumble upon a humble Web 1.0
or even 2.0 site that’s still up and runnning
chances are it’s a no-nonsense, no-BS website that
does exactly what it says on the tin. You can’t say
the same of all the sites hawking automation tools
for this or that or meant to pump up search
results.
o § Monopolies⠀➾
# § Copyrights⠀➾
# ⚓ Public Domain Review ☛ “A_Sword_was_Seen_in_the_Sky”:
*A_True_and_Wonderful_Narrative*_(1763)_–_The_Public
Domain_Review⠀⇛
So opens the first of two accounts detailing
unusual phenomena seen in the skies over Riga
and Kirschberg (near Gdansk) in 1763.
Published by Mannheim-born Philadelphia
printer Anton Armbruster the following year,
this short pamphlet was a translation of a
German broadside titled Zwei wahrhafte von
gantz besondrn Himmels–Zeichen. Why this
translation for Philadelphia? Such strange
news from Prussia would have likely appealed
to the city’s many German immigrants, but
there was maybe more to Armbruster’s
publication. Despite occurring across the
other side of the world, such ominous signs
from a wrathful God unhappy with a wayward
populace, could speak to the citizens of the
much-embattled Pennsylvania Province.
The year of 1764 was a troubled time for
Philadelphia. After Armbruster’s former
business partner Benjamin Franklin had, in
early February, turned back the Paxton Boys
vigilante mob on their way to murder
Susquehannock Indians, a pamphlet war broke
out in the City of Brotherly Love. Nearly a
quarter of the seventy-plus pamphlets either
excoriating or apologizing for the Paxton
gang’s violence were printed on the press
owned by Benjamin Franklin and operated by
Armbruster. Did the latter then take a break
from the ongoing provincial war of words to
issue a transcendental warning to
Philadelphians?
# ⚓ Public Domain Review ☛ Trade_Edition_of_*Affinities*
Now_Available_for_Pre-order_–_The_Public_Domain
Review⠀⇛
This time last year we were in the heady
whirl of the crowdfunding campaign for
Affinities, our very special book of images
made to celebrate 10 years of The Public
Domain Review. A whopping 2800 of you ended
up buying a copy and — after a long and
patient/impatient wait — they have finally
started arriving to doors, hands, and eyes
over this last week or so.
If you missed out on a copy through the
crowdfunder, some good news — there will be a
trade edition published by Thames and Hudson!
It has a different cover and subtitle to the
clothbound Volume edition, but the glorious
insides are exactly the same. We are super
excited that people who missed out first time
round will be able to get a copy — and that
it can sit in real-life bookshops and reach a
wider audience beyond the PDR faithful.
䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 2336
╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕
⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.27.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧
Gemini_version_available_♊︎
✐ Links_27/04/2022:_Tor_Browser_11.5a9;_X.Org_and_Wine_Developers_Make_a
Conference⠀✐
Posted in News_Roundup at 3:36 am by Dr. Roy Schestowitz
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈
§ Contents⠀➾
* GNU/Linux
o Distributions
o Devices/Embedded
* Free_Software/Open_Source
* Leftovers
* § GNU/Linux⠀➾
o § Audiocasts/Shows⠀➾
# ⚓ Video ☛ 22_new_features_that_landed_in_the_BIGGEST_Steam
Deck_update._Ever._–_Invidious⠀⇛
o § Applications⠀➾
# ⚓ Tor ☛ New_Alpha_Release:_Tor_Browser_11.5a9_(Windows/macOS/
Linux)⠀⇛
Tor Browser 11.5a9 is now available from the Tor
Browser download page and also from our
distribution directory.
Tor Browser 11.5a9 updates Firefox on Windows,
macOS, and Linux to 91.8.0esr.
o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾
# ⚓ RTL ☛ Online_security⠀⇛
Online security is one of those topics that seems
to pop up everywhere, all the time. And yet,
studies and polls regularly reveal that many people
are still guilty of very basic mistakes when it
comes to securing their online existence.
As the ancient Romans said repetitio est mater
studiorum (“repetition is the mother of study”), so
in this article we will tackle a few very simple
things that you can do today to improve your online
security.
# ⚓ Yarmo Machenbach ☛ Wireguard_and_docker:_providing_VPN
access_to_arbitrary_containers⠀⇛
Some containers just aren’t meant to be connected
directly to the internet. After all, you wouldn’t
want your ISP knowing which Linux distribution you
download and share.
If like me you have your BitTorrent client
installed as a container on a homeserver to make
sure it’s always connected but you don’t want to
route your other containers through a VPN, you’ll
probably want to use a VPN-in-a-container and route
your BitTorrent client through it.
I already had a similar solution using OpenVPN but
it was time for an upgrade. Oh yes, it’s Wireguard
time.
As VPN provider, I use Mullvad.
# ⚓ Tom’s Hardware ☛ Raspberry_Pi_Pico_Monitors_3D_Printer_and
Sends_Telegram_Notifications⠀⇛
Monitoring your 3D-Printer with a Raspberry Pi is
nothing new, thanks to applications like OctoPrint.
However, maker Kutluhan Aktar managed to tackle the
process himself using a microcontroller with his
Raspberry Pi Pico-powered 3D printer monitor. This
project connects the Pico to the internet to relay
notifications about the data it tracks and is
housed inside a custom printed T-800 Terminator-
shaped shell.
# ⚓ uni Toronto ☛ Sort_of_making_snapshots_of_UEFI_libvirt-
based_virtual_machines⠀⇛
As of early 2022, one of the limitations of libvirt
is that it doesn’t support making snapshots of
virtual machines that use UEFI instead of BIOS
booting. Since various people want to get rid of
BIOS booting, this is a problem on several levels.
Fortunately it’s possible to sort of get around
this, in one of two ways; the difficult and I
believe incomplete way that I haven’t gotten
working, and the easier way that I have. All of
this assumes that you’re using the normal QEMU/KVM
backend for libvirt (which supports UEFI via OVMF).
# ⚓ Computers Are Bad ☛ 2022-04-22_regulating_radiation⠀⇛
One^wTwo days late for 4/20, I return to discuss
equipment authorization. This is a direct followup
to my last post about unlicensed radio. I apologize
for my uncharacteristic decision to actually
provide a promised follow-up in a prompt manner,
and give you my assurances that it’s unlikely to
happen again. I will return to my usual pattern of
saying “this is the beginning of a series” and then
forgetting about the topic for two years.
But equipment authorization is sort of an
interesting topic, and moreover I think I really
shortchanged the last post by not going into it.
Because ISM bands and other so-called “Part 15″
bands are unlicensed, the limitations that exist on
usage of those bands stem pretty much entirely from
the equipment authorization process. I also think I
shortchanged the last post a bit by not providing
some background on the regulatory structure, so
here that goes first: [...]
# ⚓ HowTo Forge ☛ How_to_Add_a_Rocky_Linux_system_to_an
OpenLDAP_Server⠀⇛
# ⚓ How_to_Install_Telegram_on_Debian_11 Linux_|_Mark_Ai_Code⠀⇛
If you are acquainted with WhatsApp, you will not
need a comprehensive introduction to Telegram
because it is a similar type of service. Users may
install Telegram on their smartphone, just like
WhatsApp, and register using their mobile phone
number to talk with other Telegram users. It allows
you to quickly exchange and download photographs,
videos, documents, and files. It is also possible
to make video and phone conversations, as well as
establish polls, groups, and channels for people to
engage. Telegram is especially popular due to the
latter feature.
One of the prominent aspects that make Telegram
popular is its subscription system for channels,
which works similarly to YouTube: you may subscribe
to channels in Telegram based on your preferences.
If the channel operator adds fresh content, it will
appear in the conversation overview. Users may
effortlessly pick and forward uploaded material to
relatives and friends. This identifies the user or
channel from whom the material originated. You may
rapidly uncover new channels for your own interests
this way. It also includes broadcast features,
similar to WhatsApp.
# ⚓ TechRepublic ☛ How_to_deploy_OrangeHRM_as_a_virtual
appliance_|_TechRepublic⠀⇛
OrangeHRM is one of the most widely-used open-
source human resource management tools on the
market. With features such as management for
employee information, employee absence,
recruitment, as well as employee performance
evaluation tools and other features required for
general human resources management.
# ⚓ Linux Made Simple ☛ How_to_install_FireFox_on_a
Chromebook⠀⇛
Today we are looking at how to install FireFox on a
Chromebook. Please follow the video/audio guide as
a tutorial where we explain the process step by
step and use the commands below.
# ⚓ How_to_Install_Joomla_4_on_Ubuntu_22.04_–_LinuxTuto⠀⇛
Joomla is a free, open source and one of the most
popular Content Management System (CMS) around the
world which allow the users to create or build
their own website and applications.
It is built on PHP and stores its data on an SQL-
based database engine on the backend such as MySQL/
MariaDB.
In this tutorial, we will show you how to install
Joomla 4 on your Ubuntu 22.04 OS.
# ⚓ Linux Capable ☛ How_to_Install_Microsoft_Fonts_on_Ubuntu
22.04_LTS⠀⇛
Most Linux Distributions use open-source fonts to
substitute Microsoft’s iconic typefaces like Arial,
Courier New, and Times. Red Hat created the
Liberation family to replace these similar-looking
but different sizes — all you have to do is select
your preferred font when editing documents so that
they’ll be readable without any disruptions!
For users who want to install Microsoft fonts and
want the option to use them in LibreOffice, the
following tutorial will teach you how to install
Microsoft fonts on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy
Jellyfish.
# ⚓ Linux Capable ☛ How_to_Install_Kylin_Desktop_Environment_on
Ubuntu_22.04_LTS⠀⇛
Ubuntu Kylin is the official Chinese version of
Ubuntu however supports English. It has been
described as a “loose continuation” to its parent
operating system with some differences in
appearance and functionality. Still, most
importantly, it’s explicitly designed for approval
in mainland China, but international users are
welcome to use it.
In the following tutorial, you will learn how to
install Kylin Desktop Environment on Ubuntu 22.04
LTS Jammy Jellyfish using the command line
terminal.
# ⚓ Linux Capable ☛ How_to_Install_MATE_Desktop_Environment_on
Ubuntu_22.04_LTS⠀⇛
For those not familiar with MATE Desktop
Environment, it continues GNOME 2. It is famous for
being lightweight, fast, and stable that runs on
Linux and most BSD operating systems. MATE is also
an excellent choice for a lower-end system or those
looking to remain efficient on system resources.
Also, a dedicated Ubuntu MATE edition exists for
this desktop environment, enticing users to switch
from Ubuntu altogether.
In the following tutorial, you will learn how to
install MATE Desktop Environment on Ubuntu 22.04
LTS using the command line terminal.
# ⚓ UNIX Cop ☛ How_to_install_Java_on_Ubuntu_22.04⠀⇛
As we all know, Java is a very popular programming
language and software platform. Thus, Java is
indispensable for many Linux developers and
professionals who need it to either develop
applications or run other applications already
created.
Java is available for installation on Linux without
too many problems. In this case, we will opt for
the OpenJDK version, which is community maintained
and fully compatible with the Oracle version.
So let’s go for it.
# ⚓ Linux Capable ☛ How_to_Install_SQLite_3_on_Ubuntu_22.04
LTS⠀⇛
SQLite is a free, lightweight relational database
management system (RDBMS) in a C library. SQLite is
not a client-server database engine. Instead, it is
embedded into the end program. Primarily all
programming languages support SQLite, which how
languages embed the program is with a file with
.sqlite3/.sqlite/.DB extension. The software is a
popular choice for local/client storage such as web
browsers, Android devices, etc. The list is quite
extensive.
In the following tutorial, you will learn how to
install SQLite 3 with Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy
Jellyfish using the command line terminal.
# ⚓ Linux Capable ☛ How_to_Install_Kate_Text_Editor_on_Ubuntu
22.04_LTS⠀⇛
Kate is a powerful and intuitive editor that may be
the perfect fit for you. With its robust yet
straightforward interface, Kate offers everything
from word processing to development tools in one
place – which saves time! And with 200+ languages
available onboard alongside plugins galore (think
code hooks), this tool will help maximize
productivity, whether it’s coding or content
creation.
In the following tutorial, you will learn how to
install Kate Text Editor on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy
Jellyfish using the command line terminal with
various installation options to install the text
editor.
# ⚓ Linux Capable ☛ How_to_Install_Apache_Maven_on_Ubuntu_22.04
LTS⠀⇛
Apache Maven is an open-source tool that allows the
building automation of your java projects. It can
also be used for projects in C#, Ruby, etc. Its
most famous usage would likely involve Java
development! The maven project comes from the
Apache Software Foundation, where they were
previously part of the Jakarta Project before
moving on their own.
In the following tutorial, you will learn how to
install Apache Maven on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Jammy
Jellyfish using APT or downloading the archive and
manually to install Maven using the command line
terminal.
# ⚓ Linux Capable ☛ How_to_Install_Qlipper_Clipboard_Manager_on
Ubuntu_22.04_LTS⠀⇛
Qlipper is a lightweight, open-source, and cross-
platform clipboard history applet, which helps the
user to get back any copied path. The key task of
Qlippper will not consume many resources on your PC
while monitoring it for recent data that can be
used again later if needed!
In the following tutorial, you will learn how to
install Qlipper Clipboard Manager on Ubuntu 22.04
LTS Jammy Jellyfish with Ubuntu’s default
repository with the command line terminal along
with some tips on how to use it.
# ⚓ HowTo Forge ☛ OpenSSH_Security_Hardening_Guide_for_Linux⠀⇛
o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾
# § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾
# ⚓ Adriaan de Groot ☛ KDE-FreeBSD_CI_|_[bobulate]⠀⇛
KDE runs a whole bunch of Continuous
Integration (CI) builders. These try to build
KDE software from version control all the
time, and are triggered by commits from
developers. We might quibble over the name
“CI”, but at least we know most of the time
that the code compiles and the tests run and
pass. Here’s the KDE FreeBSD overview page.
# § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾
# ⚓ OMG Ubuntu ☛ A_New_Dynamic_Wallpaper_Maker_for_GNOME
42_Appears_–_OMG!_Ubuntu!⠀⇛
Ditch the scripts and erase the elaborate
terminal commands ‘cos the following GTK4 app
makes it super easy to create your own
dynamic wallpapers to use in GNOME 42 (and
above).
Woah, woah: not the old kind of dynamic
wallpapers. Awesome though those timed
slideshows were/are I’m fully aware apps to
create them aren’t new (though weirdly I’ve
never written about any 💁🏻♂️).
Anyway, this is a new Dynamic Wallpaper
creator for GNOME 42.
To recap: vanilla GNOME 42 comes with a
proper standardised dark mode implementation
that all modern GNOME apps respect. It’s
pretty cool. As part of that whole thing new
dynamic wallpapers were implemented. These
change based on which which theme mode is
active.
Don’t confuse these with Ubuntu 22.04 and
Pop!_OS 20.04’s separate-wallpaper-for-dark-
mode capability; it’s along those lines but a
lot more finessed.
o § Distributions⠀➾
# ⚓ Terry_Davis_Was_Right⠀⇛
TempleOS had interesting new ideas about how
different kinds of data like text, images, and 3D
models could be freely mixed at a low level, and
how the programming environment mixed shell
commands and programs, but it was a very limited
system overall. It did not end up being a practical
system, nor even all that promising for future
development. But it struck a nerve, because,
despite its impracticality, it had two extremely
important ideas: [...]
# § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾
# ⚓ SELinux_is_unmanageable;_just_turn_it_off_if_it_gets
in_your_way⠀⇛
Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a type
of Mandatory Access Control (MAC) in the
Linux kernel. It can prevent software from
performing unexpected — such as abusive or
malicious actions — on your Linux systems.
However, … it’s also an unmanageable mess,
and I have a much greater understanding of
why people recommend that people disable it.
SELinux is one of many layers of security
that helps protect your Linux servers (and
desktops) from the lions, and tigers, and
bears — oh, my! SELinux policies specify
which programs, sockets, and files are
allowed to interact with each other. It
requires everything on the system to be
properly labeled with a security context that
gets enforced through a policy that maps
which labels are allowed to interact.
o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾
# § Events⠀➾
# ⚓ X.Org_+_Wine_Developer_Conference_2022_(4-6_October
2022):_Overview_·_Indico⠀⇛
The 2022 X.Org Developers Conference is being
held in conjunction with the 2022 Wine
Developers Conference. This is a meeting to
bring together developers working on all
things open graphics (Linux kernel, Mesa,
DRM, Wayland, X11, etc.) as well as
developers for the Wine Project, a key
consumer of open graphics.
Details on how to join us are available in
Attending XDC 2022 section of the website.
The schedule timezone of the conference is
UTC-6, unless you set “Use my timezone”
setting in your user preferences along with
your current timezone.
# § Education⠀➾
# ⚓ Securepairs ☛ Friday:_SecuRepairs_at_Symposium_on
Right_To_Repair⠀⇛
If you’re interested in the intersection of
the right to repair with law and policy,
you’ll want to set aside some time for the
next two Fridays to attend a great, two-part
symposium hosted by Berkeley Law on the
Emergent Right to Repair.
# ⚓ Joinup ☛ Open_Belgium_2022⠀⇛
The 2022 edition is about Open, Privacy, and
Trust. The event is organised in a hybrid
manner: both in-person and online for those
cannot go to Ghent, Belgium.
# § Programming/Development⠀➾
# ⚓ Trend Oceans ☛ Pros_and_Cons_of_Using_React_Native
for_Mobile_Development⠀⇛

Versatility is at the core of React Native’s
function as an open-source User Interface
software framework with its capability of
developing applications for multiple
operating systems. React Native does this by
allowing developers to utilise Reactjs with
native platform capabilities.
One of the things that make React Native a
viable framework is its API which makes
applications stable. Being its key strength,
it helps in achieving the primary goal of
ironing out the kinks or possible issues in
application development.
However, these advancements do not spare
React Native from the need for improvement.
To fairly assess its potential, here is a
rundown of the pros and cons of developing
through the framework.
# ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Heresy:_Hare_programming_language
an_alternative_to_C⠀⇛
On Monday, software developer Drew DeVault
announced a systems programming language
called Hare, describing it as “simple,
stable, and robust.” We’ve all heard that
before – but there may be something in this.
More than 300 programming languages have
existed at one time or another. Hare aims to
serve as an alternative to C – arguably the
most significant programming language of the
past 50 years.
DeVault and about 30 project contributors
have been working on Hare for about two and a
half years. They’ve now let their rabbit
loose so developers can run with it.
“Hare uses a static type system, manual
memory management, and a minimal runtime,”
explained DeVault in a blog post. “It is
well-suited to writing operating systems,
system tools, compilers, networking software,
and other low-level, high performance tasks.”
# ⚓ Jim Nielsen ☛ Progressively_Enhanced_Builds⠀⇛
With the advent of the Jamstack, so many of
websites require a build step of some kind
before a functioning website can be born.
Build steps are great. I use them all the
time. But they do come at a cost.
# ⚓ Erlang ☛ Type-Based_Optimizations_in_the_JIT⠀⇛
This post explores the new type-based
optimizations in Erlang/OTP 25 where the
compiler embeds type information in the BEAM
files to help the JIT (Just-In-Time compiler)
to generate better code.
o § Standards/Consortia⠀➾
# ⚓ [Old] Digital Trends ☛ USB-C_was_supposed_to_be_a_port
paradise,_but_it’s_become_a_nightmare⠀⇛
When the transition to USB-C began, we were all
promised a better life. Connections would be faster
and simpler. One connection to end all connections.
The reality of what happened couldn’t be further
from that dream. Contents
USB-C is a mess. The way manufacturers implement
and communicate its features is confusing — and
downright misleading at times. This wasn’t how it
was supposed to be.
* § Leftovers⠀➾
o ⚓ Hackaday ☛ 2022_Sci-Fi_Contest:_Multi-Sensor_Measurement_System⠀⇛
Many sci-fi movies and TV shows feature hand-held devices
capable of sensing all manner of wonderful things. The µ
Spec Mk II from [j] is built very much in that vein,
packing plenty of functionality into a handy palm-sized
form factor.
o ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Fort_Knutz_–_Squirrels_Go_All_Mission_Impossible⠀⇛
[Mark Rober] has a bird feeder in his back yard. Also,
squirrels who eat the seed. So, as one does, he built a
nine part squirrel obstacle course with a reward of
walnuts at the end, and filmed them beating the course.
o ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Pianolizer_Helps_Your_Musical_Projects_Distinguish
Notes⠀⇛
[Stanislaw Pusep] has gifted us with the Pianolizer
project – an easy-to-use toolkit for music exploration
and visualization, an audio spectrum analyzer helping you
turn sounds into piano notes. You can run his toolkit on
a variety of different devices, from Raspberry Pi and
PCs, to any browser-equipped device including
smartphones, and use its note output however your heart
desires. To show off his toolkit in action, he set it up
on a Raspberry Pi, with Python code taking the note data
and sending color information to the LED strip,
displaying the notes in real time as he plays them on a
MIDI keyboard! He also created a browser version that you
can use with a microphone input or an audio file of your
choosing, so you only need to open a webpage to play with
this toolkit’s capabilities.
o ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Utopian_Visions_as_Engines_for_Change⠀⇛
In surveying the history of utopian thinking, Mumford
distinguished between utopias of escape and utopias of
reconstruction. Viewing the trend toward dehumanizing
gigantism emerging in modern times, Mumford conceived a
utopian vision of regional decentralization where
possibilities for living a fullness of human life could
be reconstructed.
“Neither utopias of escape nor of reconstruction can be
achieved, but the utopias of reconstruction provide a set
of references against which society can evaluate its
existing values and technology,” Thomas and Agatha Hughes
explain. “Mumford did not hesitate to draw on his
knowledge of utopias to conceptualize a utopian
regionalism, not expecting that it would be realized, but
using the utopian vision as a measuring rod of progress
and as an idealized goal . . . Utopian visions were for
him engines of change.”[1]
o ⚓ The Nation ☛ Portland_Soccer_Fans_Assert_Their_Power⠀⇛
Soccer fans in Portland continue to stand up for justice
and accountability in the face of brazen evasions and PR-
crafted apologies from the front office of the city’s
clubs, the Timbers and Thorns. Many diehard supporters
have had enough.
o ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Alfred_Nobel’s_Prize⠀⇛
In 1901, the “Nobel Prizes” began awarding these gifts,
which were referred to as Nobel “laureates.” Initially,
there were five awards: Chemistry, Physics, Physiology/
Medicine, Literature, and Peace. Then, in 1968, the
Academy added Economics to the list. Curiously, even
though these were some heavy-duty subjects, there has
never been a Nobel Prize in Mathematics.
Prizes are always held in Stockholm, Sweden, and the
ceremonies are conducted in Swedish and English. The sole
exception to that rule—per Alfred Nobel’s wishes—is that
the Nobel Peace Prizes are held in Oslo, Norway, and are
conducted in Norwegian and English.
o ⚓ Kev Quirk ☛ Why_Are_Newsletters_So_Painful?⠀⇛
Newsletters are the latest shiny thing that a lot of
content creators are gravitating toward. Myself included.
But last week I decided to kill off my newsletter after
producing it for around 18 months.
o ⚓ Salon ☛ The_IPA_is_dead,_long_live_the_IPA:_Why_the_love-it-or-
hate-it_beer_is_here_to_stay⠀⇛
It all started with a single tweet on Friday night: “Dear
microbreweries, Maybe instead of your 12th double IPA,
mak[e] a f**king Pilsner.”
o § Science⠀➾
# ⚓ Hackaday ☛ A_Baudot_Code_Speaking_Chatterbot_With_A
Freakish_Twist⠀⇛
[Sam Battle] known on YouTube as [Look Mum No
Computer] is mostly known as a musical artist, but
seems lately to have taken a bit of shine to retro
telecoms gear, and this latest foray is into the
realm of the minicom tty device which was a
lifeline for those not blessed with ability to hear
well enough to communicate via telephone. Since in
this modern era of chatting via the internet, it is
becoming much harder to actually find another user
with a minicom, [Sam] decided to take the human out
of the loop entirely and have the minicom user talk
instead to a Raspberry Pi running an instance of
MegaHal, which is 1990s era chatterbot. The idea
of this build (that became an exhibit in this
museum is not obsolete) was to have an number of
minicom terminals around the room connected via the
internal telephone network (and the retro telephone
exchange {Sam] maintains) to a line interface
module, based upon the Mitel MH88422 chip. This
handy device allows a Raspberry Pi to interface to
the telephone line, and answer calls, with all the
usual handshaking taken care of. The audio signal
from the Mitel interface is fed to the Pi via a USB
audio interface (since the Pi has no audio input)
module.
# ⚓ Matt Rickard ☛ Merkle_Trees⠀⇛
A Merkle tree is a tree of interconnected hashes.
When one leaf node changes, the hash of each parent
up the chain also changes, and ultimately, the root
hash changes.
Peer-to-peer networks often use Merkle trees. It
allows each peer to efficiently ensure that no data
was lost or modified in transit. Receivers can
verify small chunks of data when they are sent by
checking them against a small set of hashes. The
complete data set isn’t needed for this
verification.
# ⚓ Hackaday ☛ The_Sinclair_ZX_Spectrum_Turns_40⠀⇛
It’s an auspicious moment for retrocomputing fans,
as it’s now four decades since the launch of the
Sinclair ZX Spectrum. This budget British
microcomputer was never the best of the bunch, but
its runaway success and consequent huge software
library made it the home computer to own in the UK.
Here in 2022 it may live on only in 1980s
nostalgia, but its legacy extends far beyond that
as it provided an entire generation of tech-
inclined youngsters with an affordable tool that
would get them started on a lifetime of computing.
# ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Modern_Wildfires_And_Their_Effect_On_The_Ozone
Layer⠀⇛
The ozone layer is a precious thing, helping
protect the Earth from the harshest of the sun’s
radiative output. If anything were to damage this
layer, we’d all feel the results in a very short
order indeed.
o § Hardware⠀➾
# ⚓ Tom’s Hardware ☛ Laptop_Component_Shortages_Intensify_as
China_Covid_Lockdowns_Linger⠀⇛
There have been multiple reports recently
concerning the impacts of the extended pandemic
lockdowns on the computer industry in China.
DigiTimes articles on this topic, bookending the
weekend, appear to provide evidence that the laptop
industry is under particular stress in April.
According to industry insiders, laptop makers have
a lot of worries about their own operations as well
as over the wide range of components they rely on
during production. However, a sudden and drastic
downturn in the Chromebook market might help them
make the most of sourcing supplies.
# ⚓ Hackaday ☛ Simple_Photo_Enlarger_Makes_Great_Addition_To
Any_Darkroom⠀⇛
Chemical-based photography can seem like a dark art
at times, but it needn’t be so. [Dan K] developed
the Simple Enlarger to help spread the idea that
classical photographic darkroom tools are
fundamentally quite easy to understand and build.
o § Health/Nutrition/Agriculture⠀➾
# ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Biden_Can_Reduce_Prescription_Drug_Prices
Without_Congress,_Warren_Says⠀⇛
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ A_Political_Disinformation_Campaign_is
Threatening_Our_Democracy⠀⇛
There is a significant difference between lying
about a particular action or product and a
disinformation campaign to undermine public trust
in a democratic republic. A classic example of the
former is how the tobacco industry lied or created
doubt about scientific findings that demonstrated
that smoking caused lung and cardiac diseases. Up
to the mid-Fifties, the tobacco industry had
succeeded in elevating smoking to be one of the
most popular, successful, and widely used items of
the early 20th century.
In response to the mounting evidence that smoking
cigarettes damaged one’s health, the tobacco
industry hired the nation’s leading public
relations firm. The industry followed the
consultant’s advice and focused its efforts on
disrupting the usual processes of knowledge
production in medicine, science, and public health.
Consequently, the leading tobacco companies
embraced the scientific discourse that assumes
there is always more to know.
# ⚓ The Hill ☛ Scientists_link_‘forever_chemicals’_exposure_to
liver_damage⠀⇛
Scientists have identified a link between exposure
to “forever chemicals” and liver damage, as well as
a potential connection to non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease, in a study published on Wednesday.
Exposure to such compounds — also known as per- and
polyfluoroalkyl substances or PFAS — was associated
with elevated levels of a liver enzyme called ALT,
which serves as a biomarker for liver damage, the
scientists concluded in an Environmental Health
Perspectives article.
o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾
# § Proprietary⠀➾
# ⚓ [Old] Why_Apple_doesn’t_care_about_professional_Mac
users_anymore⠀⇛
Lately, however, those bonds have frayed as
Apple has shown an increasing willingness to
ignore the things pro-level users want from
their products. These users need two things:
power (beefy CPUs, lots of fast memory and
disk space for storage, high-end graphics
cards) and flexibility (lots of ports to plug
specialized hardware into, room inside the
case to add expansion hardware and replace
defective parts).
# ⚓ Techdirt ☛ [Cr]ackers_Gained_Access_To_T-Mobile_VPNs,
Customer_Service,_And_Source_Code⠀⇛
U.S. wireless company T-Mobile hasn’t had
what you’d call a stellar track record on
privacy or security. Last year, the company
was forced to acknowledge that hackers had
obtained the personal details (including
social security numbers) of more than 53
million T-Mobile customers, the sixth time
the company had been meaningfully compromised
in as many years.
# ⚓ The Verge ☛ Google_parent_Alphabet’s_Q1_profits
dropped_by_more_than_$1_billion_compared_to_2021⠀⇛
After a record-breaking 2021 with annual
revenue of $257 billion — the first time it
has gone over $200 billion for a year —
Google’s parent company reports in a filing
(pdf) that it has started off 2022 with Q1
revenue that’s up 23 percent from the same
period last year, reaching $68 billion.
However, with expenses up compared to 2021,
its net profit actually dropped to $16.4
billion compared to last year’s $17.9
billion. Research and development costs for
the quarter rose by over $1 billion compared
to Q1 2021, going from $7.485 billion to $9.1
billion. As the New York Times notes, last
year the company had a $4.8 billion gain in
its stock holdings, and in Q1 2022 it
recorded a $1.07 billion loss.
# ⚓ Scoop News Group ☛ FBI_warns_agricultural_sector_of
heightened_risk_of_ransomware_attacks [iophk: Windows
TCO]⠀⇛
The FBI on Wednesday alerted food and
agriculture companies to be prepared for
ransomware operatives to potentially attack
agricultural entities during planting and
harvest seasons — a time frame the feds
warned is more likely to draw the attention
of ransomware actors bent on leveraging the
sector at its most vulnerable, including now
as the spring planting season gets underway.
The FBI’s notice to industry asserted that
ransomware hackers are bent on “disrupting
operations, causing financial loss, and
negatively impacting the food supply chain,”
and noted there were ransomware attacks
against six grain cooperatives during the
fall 2021 harvest, along with two attacks in
early 2022 against targets the bureau did not
name that could affect the planting season by
disrupting the supply of seeds and
fertilizer.
# ⚓ YLE ☛ Cyber_attack_hits_upscale_Helsinki_hotels
affecting_15k_customers [iophk: Windows TCO]⠀⇛
He added that the system attack also affected
several other hotels in Finland, but said he
did not know which ones, as such arrangements
are kept between hotels and the supplier.
The attack took place between 10 and 14
February, according to the firm, which said
it became aware of the data breach on 9
April.
# § Security⠀➾
# § Privacy/Surveillance⠀➾
# ⚓ Techdirt ☛ NSO_Is_Everywhere_And_Still
Lying_About_What_It_Can_And_Can’t_Do_To
Control_Misuse_Of_Its_Exploits⠀⇛
An in-depth report on Israeli
malware manufacturer NSO Group
has (again) exposed the company’s
lies about its activities (and
the activities of its customers).
# ⚓ Variety ☛ YouTube_Ad_Revenue_Growth_Slows
Dramatically_in_Q1,_Alphabet_Misses
Expectations⠀⇛
YouTube advertising sales for the
first three months of 2022 grew
14%, to reach $6.87 billion —
missing Wall Street expectations
by more than $600 million and
representing a major cooling off
from the torrid pace the video
giant had seen during the COVID
pandemic.
o § Defence/Aggression⠀➾
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Opinion_|_Casualties_of_America’s_Never-
Ending_Global_War_on_Terror⠀⇛
Madogaz Musa Abdullah still remembers the phone
call. But what came next was a blur. He drove for
hours, deep into the Libyan desert, speeding toward
the border with Algeria. His mind buckled, his
thoughts reeled, and more than three years later,
he’s still not certain how he made that six-hour
journey.
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ ‘Pouring_Oil_on_the_Fire’:_Lavrov_Warns
Flow_of_Western_Arms_to_Ukraine_Risks_Nuclear_War⠀⇛
Russia’s top diplomat warned Monday that NATO
countries are “pouring oil on the fire” in Ukraine
and heightening the chances of a full-blown nuclear
conflict by continuing to dump advanced weaponry
into the war zone, comments that came after top
U.S. officials vowed to provide Kyiv with another
$700 million in military aid.
In an interview on Russian state television,
Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said the possibility
of nuclear war “should not be underestimated” and
added that “under no circumstances should a Third
World War be allowed to happen.”
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ ‘For_the_Sake_of_Ukraine’_and_Beyond,_UN
Chief_Urges_Peace_Amid_Moscow_Talks⠀⇛
Amid ongoing concerns that Russia’s ongoing
invasion of Ukraine could lead to far broader and
possibly nuclear warfare, high-level demands for a
diplomatic resolution to the conflict hit a
critical moment Tuesday with the United Nations
chief in Moscow for an in-person meeting with
Russian President Vladimir Putin and other
officials.
Ahead of his meeting with Putin, Secretary-General
António Guterres held a press conference with
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov—who said
Tuesday that NATO nations were risking “World War
III” by continuing to flow arms into Ukraine.
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Opinion_|_US_Secretary_of_Defense_Admits
the_Real_Strategic_Goal_in_Ukraine:_Quagmire_for_Russia⠀⇛
Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin provided a
revealing and disturbing glimpse into a darker
element of US policy at a press conference held
April 25 at the Poland/Ukraine border. The press
event followed a trip to Kyiv by Secretary of State
Antony Blinken and Austin.
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ While_the_Great_Power_Struggles_in_the
Ukraine_War_Bring_About_a_Re-Vitalized_Non-Aligned
Movement?⠀⇛
Dozens of governments outside Europe and North
America have been reluctant to censure Russia, and
many more have refrained from joining multilateral
sanctions. China has tacitly supported the Kremlin
since its February affirmation of a Sino-Russian
friendship with “no limits.” A few others have
backed Russia vocally, among them Belarus, which
has served as a staging ground for the Russian
invasion.
Meanwhile, other governments have sat on the fence.
Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro said pointedly
that his country “will not take sides.” Indian
leaders have reaffirmed their policy of
nonalignment, implying that their nation will seek
to stay out of the fight. South Africa, Pakistan
and numerous other nations are following a similar
path.
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Playing_With_Fire_at_Chornobyl:_After_36
Years_the_Nuclear_Site_is_Again_in_Danger⠀⇛
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine first took their
troops through the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone, where
they rolled armored vehicles across radioactive
terrain, also trampled by foot soldiers who kicked
up radioactive dust, raising the radiation levels
in the area.
As the Russians arrived at the Chornobyl nuclear
site, it quickly became apparent that their troops
were unprotected against radiation exposure and
indeed many were even unaware of where they were or
what Chornobyl represented. We later learned that
they had dug trenches in the highly radioactive Red
Forest, and even camped there.
# ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Melissa_Lucio’s_Execution_Was_Put_on_Hold,_But
Threat_of_Death_Penalty_Remains⠀⇛
# ⚓ Meduza ☛ Young_men_from_poor_regions_Mediazona_journalists
investigate_open_data_on_Russian_troop_losses_in_Ukraine⠀⇛
The independent Russian outlet Mediazona has
published a new report analyzing available data on
Russian military casualties in Ukraine. Using open
Russian sources, the journalists found 1,744
reports of Russian military fatalities — a number
noticeably higher than the official death toll
(1,351) reported by the Russian Defense Ministry on
March 25.
# ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Texts_to_Mark_Meadows_Reveal_Right-Wingers
Scheming_to_Blame_“Antifa”_for_1/6⠀⇛
# ⚓ The Nation ☛ Art_Protest:_Save_Mariupol⠀⇛
# ⚓ The Nation ☛ Welcome_to_the_Second_Nuclear_Age⠀⇛
Face it, we’re living in a world that, while
anything but exceptional, is increasingly the
exception to every rule. Only the other day, 93-
year-old Noam Chomsky had something to say about
that. Mind you, he’s seen a bit of our world since,
in 1939, he wrote his first article for his
elementary school newspaper on the fall of the
Spanish city of Barcelona amid a “grim cloud” of
advancing fascism. His comment on our present
situation: “We’re approaching the most dangerous
point in human history.”
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Opinion_|_Mass_Delusion_in_the_Nuclear
Age⠀⇛
One adjective often, and correctly, used for
Putin’s invasion is “delusional.” Even if he
manages to pound Ukraine into scorched rubble,
he’ll still be further than when he began from
anything resembling victory.
# ⚓ TruthOut ☛ US_Global_Drone_War_Has_Killed_Untold_Numbers_of
Civilians,_Including_Children⠀⇛
# ⚓ Meduza ☛ Moldova_steps_up_security_following_blasts_in
breakaway_Transnistria⠀⇛
The authorities in Moldova’s breakaway region of
Transnistria have reported a number of explosions
in the last 24 hours, deeming them terrorist
attacks. The blasts occurred just days after a
senior Russian commander said that capturing
southern Ukraine would provide Moscow with a land
bridge to Transnistria. Moldovan President Maia
Sandu condemned the explosions following an urgent
meeting of the country’s Security Council on
Tuesday. In turn, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov
said that Moscow is “closely monitoring” the
situation in Transnistria.
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ MLK_and_Unions⠀⇛
The strikers faced enormous police state violence
too. They were beaten and teargassed. One 16-year-
old boy, Larry Payne, was shot and killed by police
during one of the demonstrations. Martin Luther
King, Jr, along with other civil rights activists,
traveled to Memphis in solidarity with the
strikers. It was there that he delivered the speech
where he said: “I’ve seen the promised land. I may
not get there with you. But I want you to know
tonight that we, as a people, will get to the
promised land.” Dr. King was assassinated one day
later.
Toward the end of his life, King’s rhetoric was
considered too radical by many white “moderates” or
liberals. This, and his stand against the
imperialistic war against Vietnam and militarism,
made him a pariah to polite, white, bourgeois
society. In fact, at the time of his death 75% of
Americans disapproved of his antiwar and pro-labour
stances. King terrified the ruling class because he
called for revolutionary socio-economic changes
that defied the capitalist hegemony.
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Russia_and_US_Uranium⠀⇛
The United States relies heavily on imported
uranium, with Russia supplying about 16 percent in
2020. The uranium business with Russia, however,
includes not only imports but also enrichment
services provided by the Russian state corporation
Rosatom, which accounts for 23 percent of total
enrichment services in the United States. It’s
unclear what is included in the 16 percent
mentioned above. If this is only uranium mined in
Russia, it is not all the uranium sold to the
United States by Russia.
In 2013, Rosatom acquired Uranium One, a Canadian
uranium mining company. The story made the news and
was discussed in the Senate in relation to concerns
that Russia, particularly in the wake of its
seizure of Crimea, had taken over American uranium
deposits through a Canadian firm. Yet Russia in
fact purchased Uranium One to gain access to vast
deposits in Kazakhstan, a world leader in uranium
mining and supplies. Whether the uranium mined in
Kazakhstan and exported by Uranium One to the
United States is labelled as Canadian or Kazakh,
the profits nevertheless go to Russia.
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Hysteria_and_the_Solomon_Islands-China
Security_Pact⠀⇛
Despite an election campaign warming up, Senator
Zed Seselja found time to tell Prime Minister
Manasseh Sogavare that Australia remained dedicated
to supporting the security needs of the Solomon
Islands, and would do so “swiftly, transparently
and with full respect for its sovereignty”. The
Pacific country remained a friend, part of the
“Pacific family”. He went on to “respectfully”
urge the Solomon Islands to reject the security
pact with China and “consult the Pacific family in
the spirit of regional openness and transparency,
consistent with our region’s security frameworks.”
Having not convinced Honiara to change course, a
range of reactions are being registered. David
Llewellyn-Smith, former owner of the Asia Pacific
foreign affairs journal The Diplomat, took leave of
his senses by suggesting that a Chinese naval base
in the Solomons would see “the effective end of our
sovereignty and democracy”. In a spray of
hysteria, he suggested that this was “Australia’s
Cuban missile crisis”.
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Policing_Causes_Violence,_Not_the_Other_Way
Around⠀⇛
Alex Vitale, a professor of sociology and
coordinator of the Policing and Social Justice
Project at Brooklyn College, has followed the
politics of law enforcement for years. The author
of The End of Policing—a book that Senator Ted Cruz
(R-TX) inadvertently helped turn into a
bestsellerduring the recent Supreme Court
confirmation hearings of Ketanji Brown
Jackson—explained to me in an interview that “we’ve
seen a big increase in the number of police on the
subway with the new mayor, Eric Adams, and that did
not play a role in preventing this [shooting] from
happening.”
Indeed, New York police, with all the resources of
modern technology, surveillance and weaponry at its
disposal, had to embarrassingly turn to the public
for help. “We routinely overestimate the
effectiveness of policing as a solution to our
problems,” said Vitale.
# ⚓ Foreign Policy ☛ Russian_Mercenaries_Staged_Atrocities_in
Mali,_France_Says⠀⇛
The French military has accused Russian mercenaries
in Mali of staging a mass grave using real bodies
in an apparent attempt to frame French forces and
discredit Paris’s counterterrorism operation in the
region.
Images gathered by an intelligence overflight
conducted by the French Armed Forces last week and
shared with Foreign Policy show around a dozen
white men in combat fatigues—thought to be
operatives from the Kremlin-linked Wagner
Group—shoveling sand over a pile of bodies
partially buried near the site of the former French
military base in Gossi.
# ⚓ RTL ☛ Chinese_nationals_among_four_killed_by_woman_suicide
bomber_in_Pakistan⠀⇛
A woman suicide bomber from a Pakistan separatist
group killed four people, including three Chinese
nationals, in an attack on a minibus carrying staff
from a Beijing cultural programme at Karachi
University on Tuesday.
The Baloch Liberation Army — one of several groups
fighting for independence in Pakistan’s biggest
province — claimed responsibility, saying it was
their first suicide attack by a woman assailant.
Chinese targets have regularly been attacked by
separatists from Balochistan, where Beijing is
involved in huge infrastructure projects as part of
its Belt and Road Initiative.
# ⚓ BBC ☛ Pakistan_attack:_Chinese_tutors_killed_in_Karachi
university_bombing⠀⇛
The separatist Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) said it
attacked the vehicle carrying the Chinese staff,
and that the suicide bomber had been a woman.
The group opposes Chinese investment in Pakistan,
saying locals do not benefit.
# ⚓ The Nation ☛ Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_Can’t_Lie_Her_Way_Out
of_the_Fact_That_She_Violated_the_14th_Amendment⠀⇛
Marjorie Taylor Greene can’t spell or tell the
truth. But those are not the reasons the name of
the Republican representative from Georgia should
be stricken from the 2022 midterm election ballot.
Amid all the controversy, scandal, and bad theater
surrounding Greene, a simple fact is indisputable:
When the Republican Party’s most fanatical member
of Congress gave aid and comfort to the January 6
insurrectionists, she violated Section 3 of the
14th Amendment to the US Constitution.
That violation is explicitly disqualifying, no
matter what Greene and her defenders may claim.
# ⚓ NBC ☛ Text_messages_from_Greene_put_new_focus_on_martial
law_testimony⠀⇛
“Marjorie Taylor Greene testified under oath that
she could not remember telling Trump or his chief
of staff to declare martial law to try to keep
Trump in power, but her own texts reveal that she
did exactly that,” Fein said in a statement.
# ⚓ France24 ☛ Humanity_entering_‘spiral_of_self-destruction’,
UN_warns⠀⇛
In a fresh report, the UN Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction, or UNDRR, found that between 350 and 500
medium- to large-scale disasters took place
globally every year over the past two decades.
That is five times more than the average during the
three preceding decades, it said.
# ⚓ Breach Media ☛ Ukraine’s_first_assailant—international
lenders⠀⇛
Ukrainians have been suffering from the
consequences of economic restructuring driven by
the International Monetary Fund (IMF)—from a rise
in mortality linked to rapid privatization after
the collapse of the Soviet Union, to the
commodification of agricultural land and sixfold
increases in energy bills.
# ⚓ Turkish Minute ☛ Armenian_MP_faces_‘unprecedented’_backlash
over_motion_seeking_genocide_recognition⠀⇛
An Armenian member of the Turkish Parliament from
the pro-Kurdish Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP) has
said he has faced an unprecedented level of
backlash due to a motion he submitted on Friday
asking the legislature to declare the mass killings
of Armenians over a century ago a genocide, the BBC
Turkish edition reported.
“I have been submitting this motion for seven years
and have never faced this kind of backlash. It was
possible to talk about such issues in Turkey
before, and this was the step I took for an issue
about which the president issues a message of
condolence every year,” said HDP lawmaker Garo
Paylan.
Turkey categorically rejects the 1915-16 killings
of more than a million Armenians as genocide.
o § Environment⠀➾
# ⚓ Democracy Now ☛ Free_After_993_Days:_Environmental_Lawyer
Steven_Donziger_on_Leaving_House_Arrest_&_His_Fight_with
Chevron⠀⇛
We speak with human rights and environmental lawyer
Steven Donziger, who was released Monday from
nearly 1,000 days of house arrest as part of a
years-long legal ordeal that began after he
successfully sued Chevron on behalf of 30,000
Ecuadorian Amazonian Indigenous people. Donziger
calls his misdemeanor sentencing and arrest “a
retaliation play by Chevron and some of its allies
in the judiciary,” meant to intimidate other human
rights advocates and lawyers from pursuing
environmental justice. “Chevron tried to use me as
what I would say is a weapon of mass distraction so
people wouldn’t focus on the environmental crimes
they commited in Ecuador,” continues Donziger, who
says, “I didn’t really understand freedom until it
was taken away.”
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ T-Junction_Ahead⠀⇛
Five months ago, the Stockholm-based International
Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
pointed to another crisis, this one centered on the
United States. For the first time, the think tank
moved the U.S. out of its “democracy” category,
classifying us instead as a “backsliding
democracy.” On this issue, sober-minded elected
officials, scholars, analysts, and others have for
months been raising ever louder alarms. An
attempted hijacking of the U.S. electoral process,
they say, is under way.
These environmental and political warnings present
us with two terrifying prospects: one, that
continued abuse of the ecosphere could render much
of the Earth unlivable for humans and myriad other
species, and two, that the United States’ current
political drift toward autocratic rule could
accelerate, dashing any hope of attaining a just,
pluralistic democracy. These crises are
intertwined. Either we find meaningful responses to
both, or we fail dramatically on both.
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Opinion_|_Big_Banks_Are_Failing_Their
Investors_on_Climate_Change⠀⇛
For any company, being seen as trustworthy is
critical to success. This is even more true for
banks, whose core business is based on being
entrusted with funds from customers and investors
to manage responsibly and reliably. To be
trustworthy means that you make good on your
promises and that, if you make a commitment, you
then follow through on it. That’s why it’s so
troubling that every major US bank has failed to
take meaningful steps to follow through on their
commitments to spur climate action.
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Shareholders_Target_Wall_Street_Banks_With
‘Groundbreaking’_Climate_Resolutions⠀⇛
A significant percentage of shareholders at three
of the biggest U.S. banks voted Tuesday to endorse
first-of-their-kind resolutions urging the
companies to stop supporting new fossil fuel
development amid a worsening climate emergency.
“Big banks have a responsibility to address their
massive contribution to the climate crisis and
protect their shareholders from climate risk.”
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ ‘No_Negotiating_With_Arsonists’:_Green
Groups_Slam_Manchin-Led_Climate_Compromise_With_GOP⠀⇛
Advocacy groups on Tuesday blasted new efforts by
U.S. Sen. Joe Manchin to strike a deal with the GOP
on climate legislation after months of the West
Virginia Democrat preventing the House-approved
Build Back Better Act from reaching President Joe
Biden’s desk.
“The White House and Democratic leadership must
push for the solutions we need, not merely what
pleases Joe Manchin.”
# § Energy⠀➾
# ⚓ DeSmog ☛ ‘Existential_Threat’:_Indigenous_Leaders
Urge_Citigroup_to_Stop_Backing_Amazon_Oil⠀⇛
Indigenous leaders have called on Citigroup
to stop financing oil and gas projects in the
Amazon, saying the bank’s activities
contradict its climate pledges by putting the
threatened ecosystem at greater risk.
Citigroup, a leading financier of the fossil
fuel industry, has sought to position itself
as a climate leader in the past year,
pledging to slash emissions from its
portfolio to net zero by 2050, and announcing
a coal phase-out.
# ⚓ The Verge ☛ Fidelity_is_rolling_out_Bitcoin_investing
for_401(k)_plans⠀⇛
Fidelity will soon start allowing eligible
individuals to save a portion of their 401(k)
in Bitcoin, the company announced Tuesday.
Employees will only gain access to the option
if their employer signs off the option, which
Fidelity says will start rolling out in mid-
2022.
# ⚓ Indian Express ☛ A_software_code_change_would_reduce
Bitcoin’s_energy_use_by_99.9%:_Climate_groups⠀⇛
Bitcoin mining uses more electricity than all
the electricity consumption done by Sweden,
according to a report by University of
Cambridge. In a new campaign launched, a
group of climate activists wants Bitcoin to
change its algorithm from Proof-of-Work to
Proof-of-Stake to reduce climate consumption.
The campaign called: “Change the Code, not
the Climate” aims to make Bitcoin switch its
algorithm, which will significantly reduce
the competition to mine [cryptocurrency]
coins. Ultimately, reducing Co2 footprint
released by using expensive devices for
[cryptocurrency] mining.
# § Wildlife/Nature⠀➾
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Wildlife_Conservation_Groups_Secure
Agreement_From_Feds_to_Evaluate_Southern_Rockies_for
Lynx_Critical_Habitat⠀⇛
“We are hopeful today’s agreement will
combine with our other Canada lynx victories
to give this snow-dependent big cat a
fighting chance at survival in the face of
our warming climate,” said John Mellgren,
general counsel at the Western Environmental
Law Center. “We have had to push the Fish and
Wildlife Service for every inch of progress
on Canada lynx recovery efforts, and are
hopeful the agency is beginning a new chapter
of good-faith recovery efforts for this
ecologically significant and iconic wild
cat.”
Critical habitat is area designated by the
federal government as essential to the
survival and recovery of a species protected
by the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Once
designated, federal agencies must make
special efforts to protect critical habitat
from damage or destruction. In 2014, the
Service designated approximately 38,000 acres
of critical habitat for threatened lynx, but
chose to exclude the lynx’s entire southern
Rocky Mountain range, from south-central
Wyoming, throughout Colorado, and into north-
central New Mexico. These areas are vital to
the iconic cat’s survival and recovery in the
western U.S., where lynx currently live in
small and sometimes isolated populations.
# § Overpopulation⠀➾
# ⚓ The Telegraph UK ☛ Starvation_could_kill_more
children_in_Somalia_than_devastating_2011_famine⠀⇛
Driven in part by the war in Ukraine, the
price of wheat has jumped by 45 per cent and
oil by 40 per cent. Meanwhile, water
shortages have pushed the cost of a 200 litre
jerry can up 400 per cent since the start of
the year, from around $1 to $5.
In an interview with the Telegraph, Kate
Foster, the British ambassador to Somalia,
said this price hike was disastrous for
families who already spend between 60 and 80
per cent of their income on food, warning
that the situation was “really rapidly
deteriorating”.
# ⚓ 7_Facts_About_Water_Scarcity_in_Jordan⠀⇛
Despite regional turmoil, Jordan enjoys
relative stability compared to its neighbors
in the Middle East. However, the Kingdom’s
long-running issue of water scarcity, which
ranked second globally, could threaten that
continued stability. Water scarcity
exacerbates existing systemic issues such as
poverty and public health crises, which
Jordan currently contends with. The Kingdom
is suffering from an unprecedented youth
employment rate of 48.1% as of November 2021
and is struggling to meet the pandemic-
induced public health demands. As the effects
of environmental changes continue to develop,
Jordanians may increasingly feel the impacts
of water scarcity in Jordan in the next
decade.
# ⚓ Middle East Monitor ☛ Rising_bread_prices,_water
scarcity_and_a_climate_crisis,_Egypt_is_on_the_brink⠀⇛
Last week Egypt turned to the IMF for the
third time in six years to apply for a loan
as the cash strapped nation reels from an 11-
year autocratic regime, a climate crisis and
now the Russian war.
Impact on food insecurity across the MENA
region has been one of the big talking points
as the conflict unfolds in Ukraine and Cairo
has not escaped this. The price of cooking
oil, petrol and wheat has soared in Egypt
since the fighting began.
Egypt is the world’s largest importer of
wheat with Russia and Ukraine accounting for
80 per cent of imports and 73 per cent of its
supply of sunflower oil. At the beginning of
March, a packet of five loaves of bread in
Egypt had already risen from five Egyptian
pounds to 7.5 EGP.
# ⚓ Los Angeles Times ☛ Op-Ed:_Is_humanity_doomed?_That
depends_on_us⠀⇛
Such population doomsaying is not limited to
billionaires. Paleontologist Henry Gee argued
in November that our species is destined for
extinction — and soon. Low genetic variation,
declining fertility and habitat degradation
imperil Homo sapiens, Gee claims, warning
that “[t]here comes a time in the progress of
any species, even ones that seem to be
thriving, when extinction will be inevitable,
no matter what they might do to avert it.”
# ⚓ Opinion:_Drought,_overpopulation_and_the_magical
thinking_enabling_it_all⠀⇛
Even if agriculture is dehydrated to quench
residential thirst — depleting produce
shelves across the nation — Californians may
be forced to ration water anyway, because the
same officials who are pleading for, or
mandating, water usage reductions are
simultaneously pursuing polices that invite
even more demand for water. Without regard to
the reality of climate change’s chronic
droughts and wildfires, Newsom along with his
fellow illusionists in Sacramento are
essentially forcing local communities to
increase their populations.
o § Finance⠀➾
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Poor_Nations_Face_‘Perfect_Storm’_of_Debt,
Food,_and_Energy_Crises:_UN⠀⇛
“The developing world is at the brink of a perfect
storm of debt, food, and energy crises.”
“Instances of civil unrest are brewing in all
corners of the world.”
# ⚓ Capital_One_tried_to_cause_me_to_miss_a_dispute_deadline_in
my_case_against_Batteries_Plus_Bulbs._–_BaronHK’s_Rants⠀⇛
Capital One tried to cause me to miss a dispute
deadline in my case against Batteries Plus Bulbs in
Gurnee, Illinois.
The account representative which I spoke to about
my dispute with Batteries Plus Bulbs over defective
car key and wiping my remote control, and then
trying to charge me for the key and programming fee
anyway told me to expect documents in the postal
mail to reply to, and they didn’t come.
Finally, I logged into my account and noticed a
document available to view, which are normally
boring “We’re updating your account terms.” things
that nobody reads.
o § AstroTurf/Lobbying/Politics⠀➾
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Afghan-American_Groups_Challenge_Illegal
Seizure_of_Billions_by_US⠀⇛
Condemning the Biden administration’s seizure of
U.S.-held Afghanistan Central Bank funds as “a deep
and grave injustice” that will worsen the
humanitarian crisis already being suffered by
millions of Afghans, several civil society groups
have filed official statements in federal court
demanding President Joe Biden’s executive order
regarding the funds be overturned.
“Releasing these funds back to the Afghan people is
a critical step in addressing the conditions
imposed on Afghans.”
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Opinion_|_More_Progressive_Fighters_Like
Nina_Turner_Are_the_Missing_Piece_in_Congress⠀⇛
“We need more people who will lose their minds if
they’re missing pieces.”
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Groups_Say_Congress_Must_‘Fiercely_Reject’
Cruel_Attack_on_Asylum-Seekers⠀⇛
Hundreds of faith-based and civil rights groups and
leaders across the United States on Tuesday called
on members of Congress to “fiercely reject” a
“dangerous” bill that would codify a rule used to
deport more than 1.7 million asylum-seekers under
pretext of the Covid-19 pandemic.
“Lawmakers have a moral imperative to oppose this
legislation and any anti-asylum proposal that would
keep Title 42 in place.”
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ ‘Penny_Wise_and_Pound_Foolish’:_Democrats
Urged_to_Reject_Pivot_to_Austerity⠀⇛
Grassroots progressive groups on Tuesday urged
Democratic congressional leaders to ignore
Republicans, right-wing members of their own party,
and neoliberal economists who are pushing lawmakers
to hit the brakes on federal spending as inflation
surges to levels not seen in decades.
“Pulling back on effective, popular investments
will not solve the problems we face.”
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Opinion_|_Jared_Kushner_Sold_Out_to_Saudis
for_$2_Billion_and_Nobody_Seems_to_Care⠀⇛
After President John F. Kennedy appointed his
brother as Attorney General, Republicans freaked
out and passed an anti-nepotism law against
presidents hiring family members.
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ House_Dems_Back_Marijuana_Industry_Workers
in_Unionizing_Push⠀⇛
Workers in the marijuana industry joined union
representatives and Democratic lawmakers Tuesday
for a round table discussion about a growing push
to organize workplaces in the sector and about
federal legislation to protect workers’ rights in
all industries.
Reps. Mark Pocan (D-Wis.) and Donald Norcross (D-
N.J.). met with employees from marijuana businesses
in New Jersey, where legal sales for recreational
use began last week.
# ⚓ The Nation ☛ Kevin_McCarthy_Is_a_Terrible_Liar⠀⇛
“My Kevin.” That’s what disgraced former president
Donald Trump has called House minority leader Kevin
McCarthy—and there’s no indication he’s given up
possession of the GOP toadie. Although even I
thought, briefly, that might change after tapes
emerged last week of McCarthy telling House GOP
colleagues in the wake of the January 6
insurrection that he was considering asking Trump
to resign. Since the audio came out, a senior
Republican aide called McCarthy “a bald-faced liar”
to Politico, since he’d insisted that never
happened. But “bald-faced liar” is a term of
endearment to Trump, who lied his way to business
fame and to the White House.
# ⚓ Pro Publica ☛ Building_the_“Big_Lie”:_Inside_the_Creation
of_Trump’s_Stolen_Election_Myth⠀⇛
By the time Leamsy Salazar sat down in front of a
video recorder in a lawyer’s office in Dallas, he
had grown accustomed to divulging state secrets.
After swearing to tell nothing but the truth so
help him God, he recounted that he was born in
Venezuela in 1974, enlisted in the army and rose
through its special operations ranks. He described
how in 2007 he became the chief of security for
Hugo Chávez, the Venezuelan leader whose electoral
victories had been challenged by outside observers
and opposition parties. After Chávez died in 2013,
Salazar said he provided intelligence on top
Venezuelan officials involved in drug trafficking
to American law enforcement agencies, which had
helped him defect.
After about 45 minutes of Salazar telling his life
story, the lawyer questioning him, Lewis Sessions,
abruptly changed the course of the conversation. “I
want to take a moment to get off the track,” said
Sessions, the brother of Republican Rep. Pete
Sessions of Texas. “Why are you here? What has
motivated you to come forward?”
# ⚓ Democracy Now ☛ Cuban_Deputy_Foreign_Minister_on
Immigration,_U.S._Blockade_&_Why_Cuba_Hasn’t_Denounced
Russia⠀⇛
The United States and Cuba held their highest-level
talks in four years last week in Washington, where
they discussed the soaring numbers of Cubans
immigrating to the U.S. We speak with Cuba’s Deputy
Foreign Minister Carlos Fernández de Cossío, who
participated in the talks. He says the U.S. has
failed to implement the mutually set immigration
goals between the two countries, which, paired with
economic sanctions on the island, has resulted in
“irregular and uncontrolled migration” of Cubans to
the U.S. “If the United States would have fulfilled
its commitment of granting 20,000 visas a year, it
would perfectly have avoided thousands of Cubans
reaching the border of the United States,” says
Fernández de Cossío, who blames the Biden
administration for upholding the same destructive
policies as the Trump administration, which applied
maximum economic sanctions starting in 2019 to
“make life as difficult as possible” in Cuba. He
also speaks about the Russian invasion of Ukraine,
saying “this war could have been avoided,” and
calls out the U.S. for pushing “double standards”
under the guise of international human rights law.
# ⚓ TruthOut ☛ DeSantis_Signs_Bill_Banning_Ranked-Choice_Voting
Option_for_All_of_Florida⠀⇛
# ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Florida_Man_Demands_Ban_on_Bible_in_Schools
Using_DeSantis’s_Own_Law_Against_Him⠀⇛
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Will_DeSantis’s_Latest_Mickey_Mouse
Political_Tantrum_Cost_Him_His_Career?⠀⇛
The Reedy Creek Improvement District is, as you’ve
probably heard by now, 38.5 square miles of land in
Orange and Osceola Counties owned by the Walt
Disney Company. In 1967, the man himself decided to
build an amusement park in the area, but he wanted
— and got — something in return: Self-governance.
Disney ran Reedy Creek as, essentially, its own
polity. It taxed itself to build roads and provide
services normally provided by government
elsewhere. And it largely got to do things its way
instead of Tallahassee’s way.
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ Habermas_on_the_Three-Tiered_Model_of
Global_Governance_Without_World_Government⠀⇛
Our understanding of how we ought to be governing
ourselves in a globalized, interdependent world
beyond competing nation-states has pressed our
thinking to the point where we can characterize the
“new structure of a constituted cosmopolitan
society” by its “three arenas and three kinds of
collective actors” (ibid.). The earliest model of
the nation-state recognizes only one player and
“two playing fields—domestic and foreign policy or
internal affairs and international relations”
(ibid.).
A single actor dominates the first level, the
“supranational arena” (ibid.). This means that the
international community must walk a rather delicate
tightrope towards creating an “institutional form
in a world organization that has the ability to act
in a carefully circumscribed policy field without
taking on the character of a state” (ibid.). The UN
will require reformation: it “must focus not only
on strengthening core institutions but also on
detaching them from the extensive web of special UN
organizations, in particular those networked with
independent international organizations” (ibid.).
The communicative infrastructure of the reformed UN
must tie NGO deliberative learning processes pretty
tightly to circuits of communication within
national parliaments (and other “representatives of
a mobilized world public” (p. 323).
# ⚓ The Nation ☛ What_the_Year_2000_Wrought⠀⇛
To make history into a narrative, the journalist
yoked together archival material, old reporting of
his, and new, immersive research conducted over the
past few years, which included flying a plane with
the instructor who trained a 9/11 perpetrator. He
also devotes pages to Elián González, a Cuban
immigrant who became a political token; the Supreme
Court case Bush v. Gore; and the dot-com bubble.
I spoke with Rice about the cult of early-aughts
political personality, ironic coincidences, and the
benefit of writing this book from a historical
remove. This interview has been edited for length
and clarity.
# ⚓ Reason ☛ YouTube_ISIS_Videos_Mean_the_Supreme_Court_Could
Reconsider_Section_230⠀⇛
The father of woman killed by ISIS asks the U.S.
Supreme Court to consider a case involving
algorithms, terrorism, and free speech. As YouTube
celebrates its 17th birthday, the game-changing
user-generated video platform once known for funny
pet videos and other benign content continues to
attract criticism for its alleged role in fostering
extremism. Ample evidence casts doubt on the idea
that social media platforms are radicalizing
American youth, but high-profile anecdotes about
bad turns allegedly inspired by YouTube, Facebook,
and other sites make it hard to combat such claims.
Now one such story may come before the Supreme
Court—and threaten a foundational internet speech
law.
The case (Gonzalez v. Google LLC) involves a man
whose daughter was killed in a 2015 ISIS attack in
Paris. The grieving father, Reynaldo Gonzalez, sued
YouTube’s parent company, Google, under the U.S.
Anti-Terrorism Act. Gonzalez claims that ISIS
posted recruitment videos on YouTube, that YouTube
recommended these videos to users, and that this
led to his daughter’s death.
# ⚓ Medforth ☛ Macron_is_said_to_have_benefited_from_the_votes
of_85%_of_Muslims_–_Terrorists_also_called_for_Macron_to_be
elected⠀⇛
In the first round of voting on April 10, Muslims
had voted massively for the radical left candidate
Jean-Luc Mélenchon, with 69%. Catholics, on the
other hand, gave 55% of their votes to the
incumbent president. In terms of turnout, 79% of
Catholic voters went to the polls, while only 58%
of Muslims cast their vote to elect the President
of the Republic.
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ ‘Elon,_There_Are_Rules’:_EU_Says_Twitter
Must_Comply_With_New_Digital_Services_Act⠀⇛
The European Union on Tuesday warned Elon Musk that
Twitter, now owned by Tesla’s chief executive, must
comply with the bloc’s new law that aims to halt
the online spread of hate speech and other illicit
content, or risk substantial fines or a continent-
wide ban—possibly foreshadowing a global regulatory
fight over the social media platform.
“If Twitter does not comply with our law, there are
sanctions.”
# ⚓ TruthOut ☛ How_Will_Elon_Musk’s_Ownership_Affect_Twitter?⠀⇛
# ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Twitter’s_Legal_Team_Has_Been_An_Aggressive
Defender_Of_Free_Speech;_Will_That_Continue_Under_Musk?⠀⇛
For all the talk of how Elon Musk wanted to buy
Twitter to make it more supportive of free speech,
there remain a ton of questions about what it will
actually mean in practice. I’ve explained why his
conception of free speech is incredibly naïve and
his ideas around content moderation are not just
outdated but counterproductive. Unfortunately, when
most people talk about Twitter and “free speech”
it’s the content moderation aspects that they’re
referring to.
# ⚓ Democracy Now ☛ Elon_Musk,_the_World’s_Richest_Man,_Has
Been_an_“Abusive”_Bully_on_Twitter_for_Years._Now_He_Owns
It⠀⇛
The world’s richest man, Elon Musk, is set to
become the new owner of Twitter after the company’s
board agreed to sell the influential social media
platform for $44 billion on Monday. Musk, who
describes himself as a “free speech absolutist,”
tweeted, “I hope that even my worst critics remain
on Twitter, because that is what free speech
means.” We speak with tech industry watchdog
Jessica González and Evan “Rabble” Henshaw-Plath,
who was part of the team that launched Twitter in
2006, about what the buyout means for the future of
digital media and journalism. “Musk or no Musk,
Twitter has work to do to ensure that it stops
amplifying bigotry, calls to violence, hate speech
and conspiracy theories,” says González. Henshaw-
Plath says he senses Musk has “no idea what he’s
getting into,” and discusses the activist roots of
Twitter.
# ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Some_GOP_Insiders_Are_Expressing_Fear_Over
Trump’s_Possible_Return_to_Twitter⠀⇛
# ⚓ Indian Express ☛ Elon_Musk’s_Twitter:_How_his_free_speech
argument_could_play_out_in_India⠀⇛
After nearly a month of ups and downs, including a
hostile takeover offer, Elon Musk has finally
become the new owner of Twitter. Musk calls himself
a “free speech absolutist”, and has declared that
“free speech is the bedrock of a functioning
democracy, and Twitter is the digital town square
where matters vital to the future of humanity are
debated.”
It’s a high ideal that has been invoked repeatedly
over the years by executives of the Internet’s
biggest companies.
# ⚓ Indian Express ☛ ‘Against_censorship_that_goes_far_beyond
the_law’:_Elon_Musk_on_free_speech_post-Twitter_deal⠀⇛
“The extreme antibody reaction from those who fear
free speech says it all. By “free speech”, I simply
mean that which matches the law. I am against
censorship that goes far beyond the law. If people
want less free speech, they will ask the government
to pass laws to that effect. Therefore, going
beyond the law is contrary to the will of the
people,” he wrote on his Twitter feed.
It should be noted that ‘free speech’ and
‘censorship’ rules are different in each country.
In the United States, the first amendment protects
freedom of speech and the press. In India, while
Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution ensures
freedom of speech and expression the first
amendment ensures “reasonable restrictions” on the
same.
Given Twitter is a global service, it will have to
follow the idea of free speech as ‘defined’ by each
country’s laws, at least if one goes by Musk’s
definition for now. It should also be noted that
the law in many countries may not necessarily ban
certain kinds of hate speech or deem it illegal.
Would Twitter then ‘ban’ such speech, is what is
not clear. Just how does Twitter plan to deal with
‘censorship’ now that Musk is in charge remains
unclear, especially with regard to its existing
content moderation.
# ⚓ New Scientist ☛ Elon_Musk_buying_Twitter_has_set_him_up_for
a_scuffle_with_the_EU⠀⇛
On 23 April, two days before Musk landed his
Twitter deal, the European Union agreed its Digital
Services Act (DSA), which will grant it the right
to police how platforms moderate content, halt the
spread of disinformation, and keep users safe. If
platforms don’t conform, it could open them up to
bans or sanctions of up to 6 per cent of their
global turnover. Twitter’s 2021 revenue was $5.08
billion, meaning Musk would have to hand over up to
$304.8 million if fined.
Thierry Breton, the EU’s commissioner for the
internal market, has already indicated that the
bloc is prepared to enforce its regulations. “Elon,
there are rules,” he said in an interview with the
Financial Times today.
# ⚓ India Times ☛ ‘I_am_against_censorship_that_goes_far_beyond
the_law.’_Elon_Musk_clarifies_what_he_means_by_free_speech_on
Twitter⠀⇛
As people express their concern over the fact that
Twitter may henceforth be an unmoderated platform,
Musk offered a clarification on what he means by
free speech. In a tweet on Wednesday, the
industrialist said, “By ‘free speech’, I simply
mean that which matches the law. I am against
censorship that goes far beyond the law. If people
want less free speech, they will ask the government
to pass laws to that effect. Therefore, going
beyond the law is contrary to the will of the
people.”
# ⚓ Hindustan Times ☛ Elon_Musk_explains_what_he_meant_by_free
speech_for_Twitter:_‘If_people_want…’⠀⇛
A day after advocating free speech on Twitter that
Elon Musk has now bought following a $44 billion
deal, Musk on Wednesday explained what he meant by
‘free speech’, as his earlier proclamation left
Twitter users high and dry as they did not
understand what Musk actually meant by free speech
on Twitter. In a clarification tweet, Elon Musk
said by free speech, he meant that which matches
the law. “I am against censorship that goes far
beyond the law, he said hinting that his earlier
tweets on free speech led to ‘extreme antibody
reaction’ from those who fear free speech.
# ⚓ The Verge ☛ Elon_Musk’s_Twitter_plans_are_a_huge_can_of
worms⠀⇛
Musk named his priorities in a press release,
echoing earlier statements he’s made about
potential changes. “Free speech is the bedrock of a
functioning democracy, and Twitter is the digital
town square where matters vital to the future of
humanity are debated,” he said. “I also want to
make Twitter better than ever by enhancing the
product with new features, making the algorithms
open source to increase trust, defeating the spam
bots, and authenticating all humans.”
In other words, he’s got four main ideas for
unlocking Twitter’s potential, and every single one
is a huge can of worms. Let’s break them down one
at a time.
# ⚓ Axios ☛ Everything_Elon_Musk_wants_to_change_about
Twitter⠀⇛
State of play: Before he announced he had made an
offer for Twitter, Musk had talked about the things
he would want to change about the social media
platform, from adding an edit button to limiting
content moderation.
# ⚓ BBC ☛ Elon_Musk_warned_he_must_protect_Twitter_users⠀⇛
The European Union has said its new online rules
will “overhaul” the digital market, including how
tech giants operate.
Once they come into force, there will need to be
greater transparency around why content is
recommended to users, or why they are being
targeted with certain ads, for example.
# ⚓ The Economist ☛ Elon_Musk_is_taking_Twitter’s_“public
square”_private⠀⇛
How might Mr Musk change things? He has said that
he will publish Twitter’s code, including its
recommendation algorithm, in a bid to be more
transparent. He proposes to authenticate all users
and to “defeat the spam bots”. And he will be “very
cautious with permanent bans”, preferring “time-
outs”, he told TED. This suggests a reprieve for Mr
Trump and other banned politicians, as advocated by
groups including the American Civil Liberties
Union, which counts Mr Musk as one of its largest
donors.
# ⚓ The Hill ☛ Hillicon_Valley_—_Five_things_to_watch_on_Musk’s
Twitter_deal⠀⇛
The marriage of the world’s richest man and one of
the most influential social media platforms — of
which he is an active user -— has left questions
about how the company will be run, what it means
for American politics and the dissemination of
information in general.
x Here are five things we’ll be watching as details
of the company’s new makeup become public: [...]
# ⚓ Rolling Stone ☛ How_to_Become_a_MAGA_Rap_Kingpin_(Without
Believing_What_You’re_Saying)⠀⇛
Conversations about free speech and cancel culture
have created a cottage industry for public figures
willing to use language that many people might find
offensive. At the highest valuations, celebrities
like Joe Rogan have been able to build some of the
most popular individual brands in America — in
Rogan’s case, amid calls for him to be deplatformed
for everything from vaccine misinformation to a
number of since-deleted episodes in which the host
routinely says the n-word.
MacDonald is likely the most famous artist in a
budding genre of his own creation: right-wing
protest rap. On YouTube, songs with titles like
“Snowflakes” (by MacDonald), “Rittenhouse” (by
Tyson James, a “politically incorrect Christian”),
and “Patriot” (by Topher, featuring the “Marine
Rapper”) regularly go viral and even reach the
charts, to the confusion or ignorance of industry
players. One of MacDonald’s latest projects is a
joint album with “hick-hop” rapper Adam Calhoun,
released in February. Calhoun hails from Illinois
and has a laconic flow and crude lyrics; he is to
One America News Network what MacDonald is to Fox
News. In his 2018 track “Racism,” he juxtaposes
stereotypes among various kinds of white and Black
Americans, using the n-word with impunity.
Incredibly, the song remains on YouTube, where it’s
been viewed 16 million times.
# ⚓ NBC ☛ Twitter_says_mass_deactivations_after_Musk_news_were
‘organic’⠀⇛
Twitter was flooded with user reports of high-
profile accounts’ losing thousands of followers in
the hours after news broke that Tesla CEO Elon Musk
would purchase the social network. The company said
Tuesday that the “fluctuations in follower counts”
came from “organic” account closures.
# ⚓ Hollywood Reporter ☛ Twitter_Suffers_Mass_Deactivations
After_Elon_Musk_Takeover⠀⇛
According to an NBC News report published Tuesday,
the follower numbers for some of Twitter’s most-
followed accounts, including former President
Barack Obama, singers Katy Perry and Taylor Swift
all dropped by hundreds of thousands. Obama, who is
Twitter’s most-followed user with 131.7 million
followers, saw his follower count fall by 300,000
since Monday. Perry, who has 108.8 million
followers, lost 200,000.
# ⚓ The Telegraph UK ☛ Twitter_staff_in_uproar_over_Elon_Musk’s
plans_for_the_social_media_giant⠀⇛
The outpouring of horror lays bare the employee
revolt Musk is likely to face as he seeks to
overhaul Twitter, despite having revealed
relatively little about his plans for the company
so far.
# ⚓ IT Wire ☛ Mandiant:_no_‘reasonable_confidence’_about_zero-
day_attacks_by_Western_states⠀⇛
The report, issued on 21 April, named actors from
China, Russia and North Korea, either as part of
state-sponsored groups or individuals who were
affiliated to a state, as being among the highest
number who were involved in these attacks.
It is common for security firms to name the
countries which the US has on its enemies list —
usually Russia, China, North Korea and Iran — as
being the main source of attacks.
Mandiant has a reputation for attributing attacks,
be they mounted through the use of zero-days or
not. The company was recently acquired by Google,
but the transaction has yet to be finalised due to
some concerns expressed by the Security and
Exchange Commission.
o § Censorship/Free Speech⠀➾
# ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Some_Good_News:_Kentucky_Passes_A_Good_Anti-
SLAPP_Law⠀⇛
Hey, finally time for a little bit of good news in
the world of free speech: the Kentucky General
Assembly recently passed the Kentucky Uniform
Public Expression Protection Act. It’s a kind of
anti-SLAPP bill that is based on a model bill, the
Uniform Public Expression Protection Act (UPEPA),
and similar to a bill passed in Washington State
already, and very similar to bills proposed in a
few other states as well. On Wednesday, Kentucky’s
governor, Andy Beshear, signed the bill into law.
# ⚓ EFF ☛ EFF_to_European_Court:_No_Intermediary_Liability_for
Social_Media_Users⠀⇛
What’s more, the decision about what online content
is “clearly unlawful” is not always
straightforward, and generally courts are best
placed to assess the lawfulness of the online
content. While social media users may be held
responsible for failing or refusing to comply with
a court order compelling them to remove or block
information, they should not be required to monitor
content on their accounts to avoid liability, nor
should they be held liable simply when they get
notified of allegedly unlawful speech on their
social media feeds by any method other than a court
order. Imposing liability on an individual user,
without a court order, to remove the allegedly
unlawful content in question will be
disproportionate, we argued.Finally, the Grand
Chamber should decide whether imposing criminal
liability for third party content violates the
right to freedom of expression, given the peculiar
circumstances in this case. Both the applicant and
the commenters were convicted of the same offence a
decade ago. EFF and Media Defence asked the Grand
Chamber to assess the quality of the decades-old
laws—one dating back to 1881—under which the
politician was convicted, saying criminal laws
should be adapted to meet new circumstances, but
these changes must be precise and unambiguous to
enable someone to foresee what conduct would
violate the law.
Subjecting social media users to criminal
responsibility for third-party content will lead to
over-censorship and prior restraint. The Grand
Chamber should limit online intermediary liability,
and not chill social media users’ right to free
expression and access to information online.
# ⚓ Frontpage Magazine ☛ Ilhan_and_Imran’s_Incredible
Islamophobia_Intimacy⠀⇛
Of even greater concern, however, is that the new
“Islamophobia” office would target “propaganda
efforts by state and nonstate media ‘to promote
racial hatred or incite acts of violence against
Muslim people.’” As noted above, Islam is not a
race, so “racial hatred” against Muslim people is
not even possible. But if the way that the word
“Islamophobia” has been used up to now is any
indication, what is considered to be propaganda or
incitement will be based entirely on subjective
criteria, and include even reporting about jihad
activity and honest analysis of its motivating
ideology.
Rep. Michael McCaul (R-Texas) noted this, saying:
“It is so vague and subjective that it could be
used against legitimate speech for partisan
purposes. Even the term ‘phobia’ [connotes]
irrational fear, not discrimination.”
# ⚓ European Parliament ☛ Digital_Services_Act:_agreement_for_a
transparent_and_safe_online_environment⠀⇛
The text will need to be finalised at technical
level and verified by lawyer-linguists, before both
Parliament and Council give their formal approval.
Once this process is completed, it will come into
force 20 days after its publication in the EU
Official Journal and the rules will start to apply
15 months later.
From 23 to 27 May, a delegation from the EP’s
Internal Market Committee will visit several
company headquarters (Meta, Google, Apple and
others) in Silicon Valley to discuss in person the
Digital Services Act package, and other digital
legislation in the pipeline, and hear the position
of American companies, start-ups, academia and
government officials.
o § Freedom of Information/Freedom of the Press⠀➾
# ⚓ Hungary ☛ 7_percent_of_Hungarians_say_there_is_no_need_for
independent_press,_and_more_than_half_of_Fidesz’_voters
consider_the_press_in_Hungary_free⠀⇛
The results of the survey entitled “Attitudes to
media freedom and independence in Central Europe”
were officially presented in Prague today. Telex is
among those attending, and here is a brief summary
of the results.
# ⚓ The Dissenter ☛ The_D-Notice:_A_Very_British_Way_Of
Censoring_The_Press⠀⇛
This article was funded by paid subscribers of The
Dissenter Newsletter. Become a monthly subscriber
to help us continue our independent journalism.On
April 20, a British judge approved the extradition
of Wikileaks founder Julian Assange to the U.S., to
face trial under the Espionage Act. Home Secretary
Priti Patel will now decide whether to sign off on
the decision.
Rights groups and concerned citizens the world over
have urged Patel to halt the extradition, on the
grounds that Washington’s case against Assange
amounts to the criminalization of entirely
legitimate journalistic activities, and puts global
press freedom at risk.
# ⚓ Indian Express ☛ Explained:_Julian_Assange_extradition
order_and_charges_against_the_Wikileaks_founder⠀⇛
WikiLeaks promptly released the war logs that were
published by a host of media organisations and
exposed human rights abuses by occupation forces
besides the increased fatality counts in Iraq.
Later, WikiLeaks also published then presidential
candidate and former Secretary of State Hillary
Clinton’s aide John Podesta’s emails before the
2016 presidential elections. While the WikiLeaks
portal was maintained and sustained by hundreds of
volunteers, the site was represented publicly by
its founder and director Julian Assange. In
December 2018, the website also published a
searchable database of more than 16,000 procurement
requests that were made by US embassies around the
world.
# ⚓ Daily Post ☛ WikiLeaks:_UK_court_orders_extradition_of
Julian_Assange_to_US⠀⇛
Assange is wanted in America to answer 18 criminal
charges over WikiLeaks publications.
In 2010, the portal published thousands of
classified files and diplomatic cables that shook
the world.
o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ ‘Put_Patients_First’:_70+_Groups_Push
Senate_to_Act_on_Sky-High_Drug_Prices⠀⇛
A coalition of more than 70 groups representing
patients, healthcare workers, unions, and others
launched a new campaign Tuesday aimed at pressuring
the Democratic-controlled U.S. Senate to finally
approve legislation to bring down out-of-control
prescription drug costs and rein in the pricing
power of Big Pharma.
Joined by Sens. Amy Klobuchar (D-Minn.) and
Catherine Cortez Masto (D-Nev.), the campaigners
held a press conference in the nation’s capital
urging the Senate to pass—by May 30 at the
latest—the drug-price provisions that the House
approved in November as part of the Build Back
Better package.
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ ‘An_Enormous_Inspiration’:_More_Than_30
Starbucks_Locations_Have_Voted_to_Unionize⠀⇛
Overcoming increasingly aggressive opposition from
the company’s management, workers at more than 30
Starbucks locations across the U.S. have now voted
to unionize as the wave of organizing spurred by
historic wins in Buffalo just four months ago
continues to mount.
On Monday, workers at a Starbucks shop in the
township of Hopewell, New Jersey voted unanimously
to unionize and join Workers United, an affiliate
of the Service Employees International Union. The
store was the 30th Starbucks location to unionize
in the U.S. and the first in New Jersey.
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Biden_Urged_to_‘Do_Better’_After_Pardoning
or_Commuting_Sentences_of_Just_78_People⠀⇛
After U.S. President Joe Biden on Tuesday used his
clemency powers for the first time—well over a year
into his presidency—criminal justice reform
advocates called on him to go even further to
tackle mass incarceration.
“If we are to be a nation of second chances and
justice for all, then the president must lead
through his action—and clemency is a powerful way
to lead.”
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Brazil_Court_Deals_Blow_to_Massive_Amazon
Gold_Mine_Project⠀⇛
Environmental and Indigenous rights defenders on
Tuesday welcomed a Brazilian court ruling that will
continue to block a Canadian company from building
what would be the South American nation’s largest
open-pit gold mine in the Amazon rainforest.
“Belo Monte already has had a major impact on the
Xingu. A second project could mean the death of the
local peoples.”
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Life_Sentence_for_Turkish_Activist_Called
‘Devastating_Blow’_to_Human_Rights_Worldwide⠀⇛
An Istanbul court on Monday sentenced Turkish civil
rights activist and philanthropist Osman Kavala to
aggravated life in prison, setting off a wave of
strong global condemnation.
“This egregious sentence is a death knell for
Turkey’s democracy.”
# ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Delta_Announces_It_Will_Pay_Flight_Attendants
During_Boarding_Amid_Union_Push⠀⇛
# ⚓ TruthOut ☛ Sanders_Calls_on_Biden_to_Invite_Starbucks,
Amazon_Union_Workers_to_White_House⠀⇛
# ⚓ Pro Publica ☛ Maine_Will_Soon_Hire_Its_First_Five_Public
Defenders._Most_of_the_State_Remains_Without_Them.⠀⇛
Until this week, Maine was the only state that had
no public defenders. But a last-minute push by
state lawmakers has succeeded in securing money to
hire Maine’s first public defenders. Now it will
have five.
The decision, which will cost Maine lawmakers
nearly $966,000, is a small first step for a state
that The Maine Monitor and ProPublica found had
regularly contracted private attorneys with
criminal convictions and histories of professional
misconduct to represent the state’s poor. The
investigation also found that the Maine Commission
on Indigent Legal Services, or MCILS, routinely
failed to enforce its own rules and allowed the
courts to assign 2,000 serious criminal cases to
attorneys who were not eligible because they had
too little experience or had not applied to work on
complex cases.
# ⚓ Common Dreams ☛ Biden_Tells_Hispanic_Caucus_He’s_Exploring
Options_to_Cancel_Student_Debt⠀⇛
Advocates and Democrats who support sweeping
student debt cancellation welcomed reporting
Tuesday that President Joe Biden is exploring
options for loan forgiveness after extending a
pandemic-related pause on payments earlier this
month.
“This is what happens when you fight.”
# ⚓ Counter Punch ☛ No-Knock_Raids_Rip_a_Hole_in_the_4th
Amendment⠀⇛
Your neighborhood is in darkness. Your household is
asleep.
Suddenly, you’re awakened by a loud noise.
# ⚓ The Nation ☛ Now_Amazon_Is_Being_Challenged_in_the
Boardroom_as_Well⠀⇛
Five New York City pension funds, the New York
State Common Retirement Fund, and the Illinois
State Treasurer joined the initial launch of the
effort. All are long-term Amazon shareholders, with
1.7 million in combined Amazon shares valued at
approximately $5.3 billion.
They have launched a campaign website aimed at
other institutional investors calling for a vote
against the reelection of Daniel Huttenlocher and
Judith McGrath. As the only long-term members of
the Amazon Leadership Development and Compensation
Committee overseeing human resources—the third
committee member joined only last year—they are
being targeted for years of voting to approve pay
hikes for top managers while turning a blind eye to
all the workplace violations. This campaign follows
earlier demands by the New York City pension funds
in 2020 that the Amazon board provide more
leadership during the pandemic to protect the
health and safety of its workers.
# ⚓ RFA ☛ Tibetan_village_leaders_told_to_‘Speak_in_Chinese’⠀⇛
Speaking to RFA, Tibetan researchers living in
exile called the move a further push by China to
weaken the Tibetan people’s ties to their national
culture and identity.
Pema Gyal, a researcher at London-based Tibet
Watch, said that recent years have seen China’s
government impose the use of Mandarin Chinese in
Tibetan schools and religious institutions. “But
now these policies are being enforced on all
Tibetans.”
“This is an attempt to Sinicize Tibet’s language
and culture,” Gyal said.
# ⚓ Medforth ☛ French_TV_station_denounces_sheep_being_stolen
from_pastures_in_the_run-up_to_Ramadan_–_Muslims_want_to_take
legal_action_against_the_station⠀⇛
On March 30, 2022, Vincent Hervouët spoke on the
programme L’Heure des Pros 2 about Emmanuel
Macron’s denial of the demands of some farmers, the
CCIE reports. “In his account of the farmer who
killed a burglar in Longré in the Charente
department at the end of March, he lists the
various problems faced by farmers, in particular
the robberies and looting. Then he continues by
accusing Muslims of stealing sheep during Ramadan
and before the Aid festival,” it says. Apart from
being wrong, Vincent Hervouët clearly targets the
Muslim community, according to CCIE, and supports a
racist view that has long been entrenched,
especially since Sarkozy spoke of sheep being
slaughtered in the bathtubs of Muslims.
o § Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾
# ⚓ Broadband Breakfast ☛ NTIA_Head_Reiterates_Need_for_States
to_Step_Up_for_Broadband_Infrastructure_Funds⠀⇛
The success of the program dedicated to
distributing $42.5 billion to states from the
infrastructure bill will depend on the work that
states do, reiterated the head of the agency tasked
with managing the money.
“Their [the states] success is our success,” Alan
Davidson, head of the Commerce department’s
National Telecommunications and Information
Administration, said Monday at a legislative and
policy conference hosted by the National
Telecommunications Cooperative Association.
# ⚓ Mexico News Daily ☛ Fast_internet,_a_good_bed,_a_clean
room:_what_digital_nomads_want_in_Mexico⠀⇛
The vacation rental market will increase 20% in
2022 due to demand for accommodation from digital
nomads, according to the CEO of a vacation rentals
chain.
Javier Cárdenas Ibarra, founder and CEO of
Rotamundos, told the newspaper El Universal that
many foreigners are staying in Mexico for extended
periods due to their ability to work remotely.
o § Monopolies⠀➾
# § Patents⠀➾
# ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Yes,_Of_Course_Drug_Patents_Drive_Up_Drug
Prices;_Why_Is_This_Even_Up_For_Debate?⠀⇛
The idea that there is a link between the
exclusivity period on patents and higher drug
prices is about as noncontroversial as a view
can be. It is the easy question on an ECON
101 exam on monopolies, supply and demand.
Yet, somehow, this has come under attack
thanks to big PhRMA and their minions.
Unfortunately they have found a sympathetic
advocate in the Senate who believes the
unbelievable.
# § Copyrights⠀➾
# ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Santa_Ana_(CA)_Council_Looking_To_Ban_City
Cops_From_Playing_Copyrighted_Music_While_Being
Recorded⠀⇛
A couple of weeks ago, a police transparency
activist caught something on video: a cop
trying not to get caught on video. That isn’t
the interesting part. Lots of cops hate being
recorded, even by their own cameras.
# ⚓ EFF ☛ DSA_Agreement:_No_Filternet,_But_Human_Rights
Concerns_Remain⠀⇛
# ⚓ Techdirt ☛ Paradox_Fully_Embraces_Fan-Games_With
Developer_Affiliate_Program⠀⇛
When it comes to fan-created video games
utilizing established IP, the vast majority
of instances tend to result in a narrow set
of responses from the original creators or
publishers. The Nintendo route is to go fully
nuclear as often and immediately as possible,
destroying any and all attempts. Take 2
follows a similar path, albeit one that also
includes actual lawsuits. Sega, on the other
hand, mostly ignores fans creating their own
games using Sega IP, even occasionally
slightly endorsing this behavior. And that’s…
sort of it. Nuke or ignore.
# ⚓ Techdirt ☛ EA_Streisands_Leaked_‘Skate_4’_Footage
Into_The_News⠀⇛
It really feels like we shouldn’t have to
have discussions about how companies should
handle information that leaks onto the
internet in 2022. Or, to be more precise, we
should at least not have to remind them that
attempting to re-bottle the leak-genie just
isn’t going to work and will almost certainly
have the opposite, AKA Streisand, effect.
Every time we go through this, some company
doesn’t like some information or footage that
gets leaked out, tries to bury it with
takedown requests or IP bullying, and ends up
shooting news coverage of the leak into the
stratosphere.
# ⚓ Torrent Freak ☛ ‘Upload_Filters’_Don’t_Violate
Freedom_of_Expression,_EU_Top_Court_Rules⠀⇛
The Court of Justice of the European Union
has dismissed Poland’s request to annul
Article 17 of the Copyright Directive. The
Court finds that the legislation, which could
boost the use of ‘upload filters,’ does not
violate freedom of expression, as long as
they can sufficiently distinguish between
illegal and legal content. This effectively
puts an end to years of opposition.
# ⚓ Torrent Freak ☛ Piracy_Giants_Zone-Telechargement_&
Tirexo_Mysteriously_Shut_Down⠀⇛
Zone-Telechargement and Tirexo, two of the
most popular pirate sites in French-speaking
regions, have announced they will shut down.
The original Zone-Telechargement was shut
down by French police in 2016, but in common
with many ‘branded’ pirate platforms, later
returned to regain millions of monthly
visitors.
䷩ 𝚕𝚒𝚗𝚎 5428
╒═══════════════════ 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 ═════════════════════════════════════════════╕
⠀⌧ █▇▆▅▄▃▂▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ 04.27.22⠀▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▂▃▄▅▆▇█ ⌧
Gemini_version_available_♊︎
✐ Links_27/04/2022:_Krita_5.0.6,_EasyOS_3.4.7,_Yocto_Project_4.0,_and_Red_Hat
Satellite_6.9.9⠀✐
Posted in News_Roundup at 3:11 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz
🄸🄼🄰🄶🄴 🄳🄴🅂🄲🅁🄸🄿🅃🄸🄾🄽 ⦇GNOME bluefish⦈
§ Contents⠀➾
* GNU/Linux
o Distributions
o Devices/Embedded
* Free_Software/Open_Source
* Leftovers
* § GNU/Linux⠀➾
o ⚓ Fedora Magazaine ☛ Updating_Edge_Devices_with_OSTree_and_Pulp⠀⇛

In this article, we look at how OSTree is well-positioned
for upgrading and updating edge devices with versioned
updates of Linux-based operating systems. Furthermore,
we’ll explore how Pulp facilitates managing and preparing
updates of the OSTree content, as well as making it
available to edge devices. Together, they provide a
powerful free and open-source solution for administering
edge device
o ⚓ Moving_Linux_From_One_Laptop_to_Another⠀⇛
Remember that post where I was going to convince my wife
that she should let me use her macbook air for ham radio,
and I’d give her a better one to use? Well, she was happy
to give it a go. For fun, I thought that rather than make
her work from a fresh install, I’d transfer her
environment over as-is to the new computer…
I booted the air from a USB drive and imaged the whole
disk with dd. Took the image and wrote it directly to the
SSD of the new laptop. It wouldn’t boot, so I booted the
USB distro again and ran an EFI repair. That worked, and
the laptop booted into her image with nary a hitch (not
any visible ones at least…)
Of course, the partition needed to be resized, as she was
going from a small NVME to a larger SSD. Booted the USB
drive again and ran gparted, resized the partition, and
voila. Booted right up, all the space available.
o § Desktop/Laptop⠀➾
# ⚓ Its FOSS ☛ 10_Reasons_to_Run_Linux_in_Virtual_Machines⠀⇛

You can run any operating system as a virtual
machine to test things out or for a particular use
case.
When it comes to Linux, it is usually a better
performer as a virtual machine when compared to
other operating systems. Even if you hesitate to
install Linux on bare metal, you can try setting up
a virtual machine that could run as you would
expect on a physical machine.
o § Server⠀➾
# ⚓ April_2022_Web_Server_Survey [Ed: Microsoft lose more than
600 "top sites" this past month alone]⠀⇛
In the April 2022 survey we received responses from
1,160,964,134 sites across 271,960,629 unique
domains and 11,974,636 web-facing computers. This
reflects a loss of 8.66 million sites and 217,000
domains, but a gain of 97,400 computers.
Amongst the top ten vendors, nginx gained the
largest number of domains and computers this month,
maintaining its lead in both of these metrics. Its
net growth of 537,000 domains has taken its total
up to 73.8 million domains and increased its market
share in this metric to 27.1%. Coupled with a net
loss of 573,000 domains powered by Apache, this has
culminated in nginx’s market share lead over Apache
being extended from 3.63 percentage points to 4.04.
The number of web-facing computers running nginx
grew by 80,200 (+1.78%), pushing its market share
up to 38.3% while Apache’s fell to 29.0%. nginx
also continues to have the largest market share of
sites (31.1%), despite losing more than half a
million this month.
Within the top million websites, Cloudflare made
the largest gain of 3,350 sites as it continues to
edge its way up towards the leaders. Apache is
currently still in the lead with 229,000 sites in
the top million, but lost 1,700 this month; and
nginx is in second place with 218,000 sites after
losing 2,250. Cloudflare now has 199,000 sites and
looks set to overtake both nginx and Apache by the
end of the year if it maintains this pace of
growth. Amongst all websites, Cloudflare lost
38,400 sites but gained 115,000 domains.
OpenResty was the major vendor that gained most
sites this month, increasing its total by 1.47
million to 93.0 million (+1.61%), and it also
gained 6,890 web-facing computers.
While most of the top vendors lost active sites
this month, Pepyaka made a significant gain of 1.22
million active sites (+27.6%). This server is
predominantly used by the Wix web development
platform, which switched from using nginx in 2018.
It is currently the 8th most commonly used web
server by active sites, and 11th by sites.
Similarities in the version numbering since 2018
suggest Pepyaka is likely based on mainline
releases of nginx.
Further down the field, GHS gained 1.08 million
(+36.7%) sites and 554,000 (+35.5%) domains. GHS
(Google Host Server) is one of Google’s proprietary
web servers, which can be used by sites registered
through Google Domains. It is also still used to
redirect traffic from googlepages.com sites that
were created with Google Page Creator. When this
website creation service shut down in 2009,
existing pages were migrated to Google Sites, which
hosts user content in subdirectories under the
sites.google.com hostname.
o § Kernel Space⠀➾
# ⚓ LWN ☛ Linux_5.17.5⠀⇛
I'm announcing the release of the 5.17.5 kernel.
All users of the 5.17 kernel series must upgrade.
The updated 5.17.y git tree can be found at:
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/
stable/linux-stable.git linux-5.17.y
and can be browsed at the normal kernel.org git web
browser:
https://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/stable/
linux-s...
thanks,
greg k-h
# ⚓ LWN ☛ Linux_5.15.36⠀⇛
# ⚓ LWN ☛ Linux_5.10.113⠀⇛
# ⚓ LWN ☛ Linux_5.4.191⠀⇛
# ⚓ LWN ☛ Linux_4.19.240⠀⇛
# ⚓ LWN ☛ Linux_4.14.277⠀⇛
# ⚓ LWN ☛ Linux_4.9.312⠀⇛
# ⚓ Asahi_Linux_on_an_Apple_M1_Mac_mini_is_‘unbelievably
fast’⠀⇛
The first (alpha) release of Asahi Linux was
released in March. Despite it being an alpha
release, Jason Eckert immediately installed it, and
he’s been using it as a developer workstation ever
since. Eckert says he’s getting “real work done”
and that Asahi Linux on an Apple M1 Mac mini is
“unbelievably fast.”
o § Instructionals/Technical⠀➾
# ⚓ How_to_upgrade_Linux_mint_LMDE_4_to_LMDE_5_via_Upgrade
tool⠀⇛
In this tutorial you will learn how to upgrade your
Linux mint distro LMDE 4 to LMDE 5 by using the new
LMDE upgrade tool. This tool allows you to upgrade
your system with ease, it is a GUI tool so you
don’t have to touch the terminal or entering any
command, the tool is still in beta
# ⚓ TecAdmin ☛ How_to_Find_Django_Install_Location_in_Linux_–
TecAdmin⠀⇛
Django is an open-source, high-level web framework
written in Python programming. It follows the
model–template–views architectural pattern for the
development. The Django installation directory
differs as per the installation methods.
In this small faq, you will learn, how to find the
Django installation directory on a Linux system.
# ⚓ HowTo Forge ☛ What_is_the_PassRole_permission_in_AWS_and
how_to_use_it⠀⇛
# ⚓ ByteXD ☛ FFmpeg:_How_to_Crop_Videos/Images_Using_the_Crop
Filter⠀⇛
FFmpeg is a powerful CLI tool that can do almost
anything you can imagine with multimedia files.
It is a time-efficient and low-resource-consuming
tool that can be used to crop both videos and
images.
In this post, we will show you how to crop videos/
images using the crop filter using FFmpeg.
# ⚓ ID Root ☛ How_To_Install_FileRun_on_AlmaLinux_8_–_idroot⠀⇛
In this tutorial, we will show you how to install
FileRun on AlmaLinux 8. For those of you who didn’t
know, FileRun is a free, open-source, and self-
hosted file share and sync application written in
PHP. With a user-friendly web interface, you can
store and manage files, photos, movies, and more
This article assumes you have at least basic
knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and
most importantly, you host your site on your own
VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes
you are running in the root account, if not you may
need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root
privileges. I will show you the step-by-step
installation of the FileRun file management desktop
sync and file sharing on an AlmaLinux 8. You can
follow the same instructions for CentOS and Rocky
Linux.
# ⚓ How_to_Deploy_Redis_on_Rocky_Linux_8⠀⇛
Rocky Linux is an ideal distribution for deploying
servers and other applications that require
robustness. Some of these applications require
Redis. That’s why today you will learn how to
install Redis on Rocky Linux, and not only that.
You will also learn how to configure it and get it
ready for your work.
# ⚓ AddictiveTips ☛ How_to_Clear_Your_Cache_on_Chrome_Browser⠀⇛
How to clear your cache on Chrome is a common query
by Google Chrome users. If you use the same
browser, you should know this method for optimum
browsing experience or fixing formatting or loading
problems of Chrome.
# ⚓ Ansible_Debug_Module_–_OSTechNix⠀⇛
In this guide, we will discuss what is Ansible
debug module, what are the supported parameters in
debug module and finally how to use the debug
module with each parameter in Ansible playbooks
with examples in Linux.
# ⚓ ID Root ☛ How_To_Install_Sublime_Text_on_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS_–
idroot⠀⇛
In this tutorial, we will show you how to install
Sublime Text on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS. For those of you
who didn’t know, Sublime Text is a shareware,
cross-platform source code editor created by
Sublime HQ. Sublime is known for its speed, ease of
use, cross-platform, and community contribution. It
supports auto-completion, syntax highlighting, code
building, snippets, installing themes, etc.
This article assumes you have at least basic
knowledge of Linux, know how to use the shell, and
most importantly, you host your site on your own
VPS. The installation is quite simple and assumes
you are running in the root account, if not you may
need to add ‘sudo‘ to the commands to get root
privileges. I will show you the step-by-step
installation of the Sublime Text 4 on Ubuntu 22.04
(Jammy Jellyfish). You can follow the same
instructions for Ubuntu 22.04 and any other Debian-
based distribution like Linux Mint, Elementary OS,
Pop!_OS, and more as well.
# ⚓ ByteXD ☛ How_to_Undo/Redo_Changes_in_Vim/Vi_–_ByteXD⠀⇛
Vim is a Unix-based text editor. It is an advanced
and improved version of Vi text editor and
translates to Vi Improved and is available on
almost all Linux versions.
It is very common to mistakenly delete a line while
working with the Vim editor or you might want to
revert back the changes you made to an already
existing line. Knowing how to undo and redo changes
in Vim increases efficiency.
This tutorial will explain the difference between
undo and redo commands and their practical uses. Vi
and Vim both text editors support these commands.
# ⚓ OMG Ubuntu ☛ How_to_Put_the_Trash_Can_on_the_Desktop_in
Ubuntu_22.04_–_OMG!_Ubuntu!⠀⇛
Once you make the jump to Ubuntu 22.04 from the
previous LTS you may notice that the trash icon
moves from the desktop and on to the Ubuntu Dock.
This is handy, and evokes the old Unity launcher
which had a trash can icon on it (right at the
bottom). But not everyone wants it back there, on
screen, all of the time.
Ubuntu 22.04 gives you a small set of dock
settings, including a toggle to remove the trash
can from the Ubuntu Dock entirely.
What there isn’t an option for is to show the trash
can on the desktop again.
# ⚓ Ubuntu Handbook ☛ How_to_Install_Hugin_Panorama_Stitcher_in
Ubuntu_22.04_|_UbuntuHandbook⠀⇛
The hugin package is removed from Ubuntu 22.04
repository. For those need this free open-source
panorama stitcher, here are 3 alternative methods
to install it back. Just choose the one that you
prefer.
# ⚓ AddictiveTips ☛ How_to_upgrade_to_Ubuntu_Server_22.04_LTS⠀⇛
A new version of Ubuntu Server is out, and with it
comes tons of excellent new additions, bug fixes,
and more. This guide is for you if you’re looking
to try out 22.04 on your system. Follow along to
learn how to upgrade to Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS!
# ⚓ Video ☛ How_to_install_Xubuntu_22.04_LTS_–_Invidious⠀⇛
In this video, I am going to show how to install
Xubuntu 22.04 LTS.
# ⚓ AddictiveTips ☛ How_to_Update_Kodi_to_the_Latest_Version⠀⇛
There are thousands of Kodi users who want to know
how to update Kodi to the latest version. If you’re
one of them, this blog will share the necessary
information with you.
The process of updating Kodi might be confusing to
many, especially if you’re attempting it for the
first time. Updating Kodi to its latest version
isn’t feasible using the traditional method of
clicking on the Check for Update option.
But that doesn’t mean you have to worry about the
update process. By reinstalling the Kodi software,
you can update the app.
# ⚓ Linux Shell Tips ☛ How_to_Display_Two_Files_Side_by_Side_in
Linux⠀⇛
File management is an important aspect of Linux
administration, therefore, learning a few tricks to
lessen the hurdles involved in working with user or
system files under the Linux ecosystem is always
welcomed.
One of these tricks is how you choose to display
your files. Instead of opting for a graphical file
reader and using your computer touchpad or mouse to
move/navigate from one file to another, you could
opt to remain in your command line environment and
have a preview of the two files you wish to compare
side by side.
# ⚓ Linux Shell Tips ☛ How_to_Lock_a_Text_File_in_Linux_Using
flock_Command⠀⇛
Before we explore the techniques/approaches of
locking a text file under a Linux operating system
environment, we should first understand the logic
behind Linux’s file locking mechanism.
Linux’s file locking mechanism restricts/controls
file access among multiple processes. When a text
file is successfully locked, only one process can
access it on a specific time schedule.
Before proceeding with this article, please
understand that file locking is very much different
from file encryption or file access control where a
passphrase or password is needed to control user
access to your files.
# ⚓ Linux Shell Tips ☛ How_to_Parse_or_View_XML_Code_in_Linux
Command_Line⠀⇛
XML is an abbreviation for Extensible Markup
Language. Since XML is both a markup language and a
file format, its usage is paramount in the storage,
transmission, and reconstruction of arbitrary data.
XML-defined set of rules makes it possible to
encode documents in machine-readable and human-
readable formats.
There is a downside to XML being attributed as a
human-readable language. It is challenging to read
and write due to its unfriendly format. For
instance, you will find it difficult to visually
comprehend a single long line of XML code when it
lacks element indentations.
# ⚓ Linux Shell Tips ☛ How_to_Split_a_Large_File_into_Parts_at
Given_Line_Numbers⠀⇛
As a Linux administrator or advanced user,
mastering file management in whatever Linux
operating system distribution you are using is
paramount. File management is a core aspect of
Linux operating system administration and without
it, we would not be able to embrace file-related
features like file encryption, file user
management, file compliance, file updates &
maintenance, and file lifecycle management.
In this article, we will look at an important
aspect of Linux file management which is splitting
large files into parts at given line numbers. If
the objective of this article was just to split a
large file into manageable small files without
considering file line numbers, then all we would
need is the convenience of the split command.
# ⚓ How_To_Limit_Number_of_Connections_(Requests)_in_NGINX⠀⇛
NGINX ships with various modules to allow users to
control traffic to their websites, web
applications, as well as other web resources. One
of the key reasons for limiting traffic or access
is to prevent abuses or attacks of certain kinds
such as DoS (Denial of Service) attacks.
# ⚓ 11_Things_To_Do_After_Installing_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS⠀⇛
In this first part of our three-part series, we
will discuss how to limit the number of connections
in NGINX to safeguard your websites/applications.
# ⚓ OpenSource.com ☛ A_practical_guide_to_light_and_dark_mode
in_Jekyll⠀⇛
# ⚓ How_to_Install_Unity_Engine_on_Ubuntu_22.04_via_AppImage
[Ed: This is a Microsoft (Mono) infection vector]⠀⇛
o § Games⠀➾
# ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Classic_Bethesda_titles_come_to_Steam,_play
them_easily_on_Linux⠀⇛
With the Bethesda Launcher shutting, they’ve begun
the migration to Steam and now some of their
classics have become available to download easily.
# ⚓ Boiling Steam ☛ Getting_Started_With_The_Steam_Deck_Desktop
–_Boiling_Steam⠀⇛
What is a bigger deal, that Valve’s Steam Deck
plays Elden Ring from day one (and even better than
on Windows!), or that it is a full-fledged Linux
computer in handheld form? Okay, probably Elden
Ring, but I know many current or prospective Linux
users are excited to see what they can do with a
powerful mini Linux computer.
Admittedly, I’ve mostly been doing the whole Elden
Ring on the Deck thing, to my own surprise, but I
did pick up a dock (extra port dongle) to explore
the desktop mode more. I still haven’t had a chance
to do a lot of hacking on it, but let me share what
I’ve tried and learned so far. And if you have any
particular questions or things for me to try,
please let me know in the comments or in our Matrix
room.
# ⚓ Boiling Steam ☛ 2300_Games_On_The_Steam_Deck,_with
OlliOlli,_LUNA_The_Shadow_Dust_as_Steam_Deck_Verified⠀⇛
Valve has been validating games at the slowest pace
– it took them almost two weeks to add another 100
games after the 2200 games milestone on the Steam
Deck. There are now more than 2300 games (2329 at
the time of writing) working on the Steam Deck – in
two categories as usual…
# ⚓ AddictiveTips ☛ How_to_play_It_Takes_Two_on_Linux⠀⇛
It Takes Two is an action-adventure platformer game
developed by Hazelight Studios and published by EA.
It was released in 2021 on Microsoft Windows, Ps4,
Ps5, and Xbox. Here’s how you can play It Takes Two
on your Linux PC.
[...]
Playing It Takes Two on Linux requires the Steam
app and Proton. Thankfully, setting up the Steam
app on Linux isn’t difficult. To get the latest
Steam app working on your Linux PC, start by
launching a terminal window on the desktop.
Unsure about how to open a terminal window on your
Linux PC? Press the Ctrl + Alt + T keyboard
combination. Alternatively, launch a terminal
window on the Linux desktop by searching for
“Terminal” in the app menu and launching it that
way.
# ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Block_Quake_is_basically_Quake_made_into
LEGO_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛
Do you love Quake? Do you love LEGO? Well, now
they’ve been kind-of combined together to create
Block Quake. Yes, someone really did this. It’s a
total conversion mod for the original Quake, giving
you cute plastic blocky styled characters.
# ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Wii_U_emulator_Cemu_getting_closer_to_Linux
and_Steam_Deck_support_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛
Work continues on the Wii U emulator Cemu to bring
it over to Linux, and with that gain Steam Deck
support. The developers still plan to open source
it too, with their roadmap indicating it’s still
scheduled to happen this year.
For the Linux port, the developers put up an Imgur
post going over the current status. An important
milestone has been hit recently, with the project
being able to be compiled on Linux “without
errors”.
# ⚓ Steve Kemp ☛ Porting_a_game_from_CP/M_to_the_ZX_Spectrum
48k⠀⇛
Back in April 2021 I introduced a simple text-based
adventure game, The Lighthouse of Doom, which I’d
written in Z80 assembly language for CP/M systems.
# ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ FLASHOUT_3_will_bring_high-speed_combat
racing_later_this_year_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛
Jujubee S.A. has announced they’re bringing back
FLASHOUT with FLASHOUT 3, a high-stakes and high-
speed combat racer is coming with Native Linux
support later this year. A racer in the spirit of
the classic Wipeout, it looks pretty flashy.
No exact release date has been given yet, but they
did say a demo will become available some time in
May.
“Where high speed meets high stakes. Where
unforgiving combat, loud electronic music and
addictive boosts of adrenaline mix up to separate
winners from losers. Where gravitation is nothing
more than an empty word. This is where the world of
FLASHOUT 3 will take you and your ride to the
absolute limits!
# ⚓ GamingOnLinux ☛ Claustrowordia,_a_fun_free_crossword-type
game_from_Ludum_Dare_50_|_GamingOnLinux⠀⇛
The Game Jam Ludum Dare 50 is over and the overall
winner appears to be Claustrowordia, and it turns
out it actually is a great crossword-type game.
You’re given a basic starting board with a few
letters filled, and a few letters of your own to
place onto it. The difference here is that you can
place your letters anywhere. It’s a clever little
tweak to the usual word-game and it’s pretty
amazing that this came from a Game Jam, made solo
in 28 hours. I’ve played quite a bit of it, and it
supports a few different languages too. All
languages play the same, it just changes the
dictionary and word definitions used.
o § Desktop Environments/WMs⠀➾
# § K Desktop Environment/KDE SC/Qt⠀➾
# ⚓ Krita ☛ Krita_5.0.6_Released⠀⇛

Today we release Krita 5.0.6. This is a bug
fix release with two crash fixes…
The Linux appimage and the source .tar.gz and
.tar.xz tarballs are signed. You can retrieve
the public key here. The signatures are here
(filenames ending in .sig).
# § GNOME Desktop/GTK⠀➾
# ⚓ Its FOSS ☛ Shortwave_3.0_is_Here_With_UI_Upgrades,
Private_Stations,_and_More_Improvements⠀⇛

Shortwave is a popular internet radio player
for GNOME. In total, more than 25,000
stations are available by default, all of
which can be organized, searched, and cast to
other devices (such as Chromecast).
Shortwave 3.0 brings these features to a
whole new level, with some considerable
changes. Let’s take a look at what’s new!
# ⚓ OMG Ubuntu ☛ GNOME_Devs_Help_User_Solve_“Barking
Laptop”_Problem⠀⇛

Today I noticed GNOME is removing its dog
bark sound effect from its next major
release, GNOME 43.
And my first genuine reaction was: “There’s a
dog bark sound effect in GNOME?!”.
Yup, there is.
Weirdly, for reasons unknown, an Ubuntu user
is being hounded by a dog bark whenever they
hit an error. This shouldn’t happen as
Ubuntu’s default error sound is a bell ding,
not a dog bark.
o § Distributions⠀➾
# ⚓ LWN ☛ Yocto_Project_4.0_released⠀⇛
Version 4.0 of the Yocto Project distribution
builder is out. Changes include a move to the 5.15
kernel, reproducibility fixes, improved overlayfs
support, numerous security updates, and a long list
of new recipes
# § EasyOS⠀➾
# ⚓ Barry Kauler ☛ EasyOS_version_3.4.7_released⠀⇛
# ⚓ EasyOS_Dunfell-series_3.4.7⠀⇛
EasyOS was created in 2017, derived from
Quirky Linux, which in turn was derived from
Puppy Linux in 2013. Easy is built in woofQ,
which takes as input binary packages from any
distribution, and uses them on top of the
unique EasyOS infrastructure.
Throughout 2020, the official release for
x86_64 PCs was the Buster-series, built with
Debian 10.x Buster DEBs.
EasyOS has also been built with packages
compiled from source, using a fork of
OpenEmbedded (OE). Currently, the Dunfell
release of OE has been used, to compile two
sets of binary packages, for x86_64 and
aarch64.
The latter have been used to build EasyOS for
the Raspberry Pi4, and first official
release, 2.6.1, was in January 2021.
The page that you are reading now has the
release notes for EasyOS Dunfell-series on
x86_64 PCs, also debuting in 2021.
Ongoing development is now focused on the
x86_64 Dunfell-series. The last version in
the x86_64 Buster-series is 2.6.2, on June
29, 2021, and that is likely to be the end of
that series. Releases for the Pi4 Dunfell-
series are still planned but very
intermittent.
The version number is for EasyOS itself,
independent of the target hardware; that is,
the infrastructure, support-glue, system
scripts and system management and
configuration applications.
The latest version is becoming mature, though
Easy is an experimental distribution and some
parts are under development and are still
considered as beta-quality. However, you will
find this distro to be a very pleasant
surprise, or so we hope.
# ⚓ Barry Kauler ☛ OE_and_woofQ_projects_for_Easy_3.4.7⠀⇛
These are the project tarballs used to build
the upcoming EasyOS version 3.4.7.
# ⚓ Barry Kauler ☛ Kernel_5.15.35_kernel_compiled_with
v4l2loopback-dc_module⠀⇛
These can also be setup to stream video onto
a computer screen.
I was thinking of buying a USB webcam;
however, all of these considerations are
overlooking something — the modern
smartphone.
Phones these days have incredible optics.
This is despite the thin physical constraints
— that they are getting around by having
multiple lenses. The pixel sizes are
enormous, and the processing power is
incredible. A lot of research goes into
developing the cameras in phones, and mass
production means relatively cheap.
# ⚓ Barry Kauler ☛ Droidcam_and_deps_compiled_in_OE⠀⇛
I have compiled two dependencies in
OpenEmbedded, ‘libplist’ and ‘libusbmuxd’, as
well as the userland executable for
‘droidcam’.
The executable is ‘droidcam-cli’ and I intend
to include it in the upcoming Easy 3.4.7.
Running ‘droidcam-cli –help’ shows the
commandline options, and we can play with it
in a terminal, and see if can get it working
with phones.
# § IBM/Red Hat/Fedora⠀➾
# ⚓ 5_things_sysadmins_should_know_about_cloud_service
providers⠀⇛
Consider this advice for choosing and working
with a cloud service provider that keeps
sysadmins—and their responsibility for
improving, troubleshooting, and maintaining
infrastructure—at the forefront.
# ⚓ Lennart_Poettering:_Testing_my_System_Code_in_/usr/
Without_Modifying_/usr/⠀⇛
I recently blogged about how to run a
volatile systemd-nspawn container from your
host’s /usr/ tree, for quickly testing stuff
in your host environment, sharing your home
drectory, but all that without making a
single modification to your host, and on an
isolated node.
The one-liner discussed in that blog story is
great for testing during system software
development. Let’s have a look at another
systemd tool that I regularly use to test
things during systemd development, in a
relatively safe environment, but still taking
full benefit of my host’s setup.
Since a while now, systemd has been shipping
with a simple component called systemd-
sysext. It’s primary usecase goes something
like this: on one hand OS systems with
immutable /usr/ hierarchies are fantastic for
security, robustness, updating and
simplicity, but on the other hand not being
able to quickly add stuff to /usr/ is just
annoying.
systemd-sysext is supposed to bridge this
contradiction: when invoked it will merge a
bunch of “system extension” images into /usr/
(and /opt/ as a matter of fact) through the
use of read-only overlayfs, making all files
shipped in the image instantly and atomically
appear in /usr/ during runtime — as if they
always had been there. Now, let’s say you are
building your locked down OS, with an
immutable /usr/ tree, and it comes without
ability to log into, without debugging tools,
without anything you want and need when
trying to debug and fix something in the
system. With systemd-sysext you could use a
system extension image that contains all
this, drop it into the system, and activate
it with systemd-sysext so that it genuinely
extends the host system.
# ⚓ Red Hat ☛ Create_a_PrivateLink_Red_Hat_OpenShift
cluster_on_AWS_with_STS⠀⇛
Red Hat OpenShift Service on AWS is a version
of the Red Hat OpenShift hosting service
managed by Amazon Web Services (AWS).
Although your cluster’s own integrity is
secure in that environment, communicating
safely outside the cluster requires
considerable setup. In this article, you’ll
learn how to connect securely through a
firewall to the internet while keeping your
cluster in a private workspace. We use
Amazon’s Virtual Private Cloud (VPC),
Security Token Service (STS), and AWS Transit
Gateway to effect secure connections.
# ⚓ Enterprisers Project ☛ 4_reasons_diverse_engineering
teams_drive_innovation⠀⇛
I lead an engineering services team that is
responsible for a lot of custom development.
In my experience, when engineers think about
diversity, we tend to focus on skill sets.
# ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Fedora_dev_team_starts_to_simplify
Linux_graphics_handling_•_The_Register⠀⇛
The Fedora development team are planning some
significant changes to the way the distro
handles graphics, which will help to push
forward the state of Linux graphics support –
but it may hinder troubleshooting when things
go wrong.
The planned changes are coming in two stages.
Initially, the imminent Fedora 36 release
will remove the old fbdev driver, leaving
only DRM and KMS. Then in Fedora 37, which is
due later this year, the plan is to remove
the driver from the X.org server as well.
These steps are associated with the planned
transition to requiring UEFI firmware, with a
later goal of removing legacy BIOS support
altogether.
The tools are already in place: this is not
adding any new or experimental technology,
but rather removing some old tools and
drivers that in modern PCs are no longer
needed, and which make graphics handling more
complicated.
# ⚓ Red Hat Official ☛ Red_Hat_Satellite_6.9.9_has_been
released⠀⇛

We are pleased to announce that Red Hat
Satellite 6.9.9 is generally available as of
April 20, 2022.
Red Hat Satellite is part of the Red Hat
Smart Management subscription that makes it
easier for enterprises to manage patching,
provisioning, and subscription management of
Red Hat Enterprise Linux infrastructure.
The erratum for this release includes…
# § Canonical/Ubuntu Family⠀➾
# ⚓ XDA ☛ Pop!_OS_22.04_now_available_with_updated_Ubuntu
base_and_new_features⠀⇛
Canonical just released Ubuntu Linux 22.04
last week, with a slew of new features and an
extended support period of five years.
Pop!_OS, one of the more popular desktop
Linux distributions based on Ubuntu, has now
released an update with the new Ubuntu
version as the foundation.
Pop!_OS is based on Ubuntu and uses many of
Ubuntu’s packages and default applications,
but with a customized version of the Gnome
desktop environment that System76 calls
‘Cosmic’. There are a few other changes too,
like built-in drivers for Nvidia graphics
cards (if you install using the Nvidia PC
installer) and a custom app store.
# ⚓ Ubuntu ☛ Real-time_Ubuntu_22.04_LTS_Beta_–_Now
Available_|_Ubuntu⠀⇛
Based on upstream v5.15, the 22.04 LTS kernel
integrates the out-of-tree PREEMPT_RT patch
for x86_64 and AArch64 architectures. Once in
GA, the new real-time kernel will power the
next generation of robotics, IoT, and telco
innovations by providing a deterministic
response time to their extreme low-latency
requirements.
# ⚓ 9to5Linux ☛ You_Can_Now_Upgrade_Ubuntu_21.10_to
Ubuntu_22.04_LTS,_Here’s_How⠀⇛

Dubbed Jammy Jellyfish, Ubuntu 22.04 LTS is
not only a long-term support release, but it
also introduces several new features and
improvements, such as the Linux 5.15 LTS
kernel with better hardware support, a new
NTFS read/write file system implementation,
and other goodies, the latest GNOME 42
desktop environment, as well as some of the
most recent GNU/Linux technologies.
Ubuntu 21.10 was released on October 14th,
2021, and it’s supported for only nine
months. As such, you might want to consider
upgrading to Ubuntu 22.04 LTS as soon as
possible, and the upgrade path is now finally
open for all users.
o § Devices/Embedded⠀➾
# ⚓ CNX Software ☛ Axzez_Interceptor_carrier_board_for_RPi_CM4
gets_8-port_PoE+_board⠀⇛

The features-rich Axzez Interceptor carrier board
for Raspberry Pi CM4 has gotten the Interceptor PoE
board with eight PoE+ ports for connecting up to
sixteen PoE IP cameras making it usable as a
network video recorder.
We first wrote about the Interceptor last January
noting its impressive I/O capabilities with five
SATA ports, four Gigabit Ethernet, two HDMI ports,
RS-485 terminal block, and more. It also had two
40-pin FFC connectors “for future expansion”. Those
connectors have now found a “meaning to life” with
the Interceptor PoE board, as up to two can be
connected to the FFC connectors.
Axzez provides Debian 11 “Bullseye” operating
system with drivers needed for the new PoE board.
This should be based on Raspberry Pi OS plus extra
DTS files, defconfig, and drivers (rtl8367c,
ADM6996 switch, etc…). You can download the
Interceptor OS image and patch for Linux 5.10.63 in
the FAQ. Information specific to the PoE function
can be found in a separate forum thread.
# ⚓ EIN Presswire ☛ MontaVista_Launches_MVEdge,_a_Commercially
Supported_End-to-End_Solution_for_the_Intelligent_Edge_–_EIN
Presswire⠀⇛
MontaVista® Software, LLC, a leader in commercial
Embedded Linux® products and services, today
announced MVEdge, a full-platform solution for the
Intelligent Edge, specifically aimed at gateway-
style devices.
# § Open Hardware/Modding⠀➾
# ⚓ CNX Software ☛ $10_T-Zigbee_board_combines_ESP32-C3
and_TLSR8258_for_Zigbee_3.0,_WIFi_and_BLE
connectivity⠀⇛
As I understand it, T-Zigbee is designed to
act as a Zigbee to WiFi bridge, and is
compatible with Zigbee2MQTT and Home
Assistant, allowing easy integration into
your home automation setup. Based on the
hardware, I’d assume it may be usable as a
BLE to MQTT gateway as well, in a fashion
similar to GL.inet GL-S10 gateway, for people
willing to work on the software/firmware.
[...]
LilyGO provides Arduino sketches for factory
testing…
# ⚓ Document Foundation ☛ Open_Letter_for_the_Right_to
Install_any_Software_on_any_Device⠀⇛
The ongoing digitization of infrastructures
and services comes along with a continuously
growing number of electronic devices that are
connected to the Internet – be it in private,
public or business environments. Many of
these devices need more energy and natural
resources to be produced than the energy they
consume during their entire lifespan. And way
too many of these devices are being wasted
and not reparable simply because the software
stops working or is not being updated
anymore.
Once the pre-installed software stops users
from continuing to use their hardware,
restrictive ownership models prevent users
from helping themselves to enjoy longer use
of their devices. Restrictions span from
physically locking down hardware, to
technical obscurity by using proprietary
software, to legal restrictions via software
licenses and end user license agreements.
This way, manufacturers often prohibit
repairability, access and reuse of their
devices. Even after purchase, customers often
do not really own their devices. They are not
able to do what they want with their very own
devices. If you cannot install the software
you want on your own device – you don’t own
it.
# ⚓ FSFE ☛ EU_Ecodesign:_38_organisations_demand_the
right_to_access_and_to_reuse_hardware⠀⇛
The FSFE publishes an open letter, co-signed
by 38 organisations and companies, to ask EU
legislators for the right to install any
software on any device, including full access
to hardware. These rights support reusability
and longevity of our devices. The alliance is
composed of entities from environmental,
economic, and technological sectors.
The European Union is about to redefine the
ecodesign criteria for products in several
legislative proposals, including the
Sustainable Product Initiative, the Circular
Electronics Initiative, and the Right to
Repair. These proposals aim at extending the
usage time of hardware and facilitating
circular use of electronic devices. The
current regulations date from 2009 and do not
include any criteria regarding the design and
licensing of software as an important factor
for the sustainability of electronic
products. Software directly influences how
long consumers can keep using their devices.
# ⚓ Arduino ☛ This_realistic_control_panel_takes_the
flight_simulator_experience_to_new_heights_|_Arduino
Blog⠀⇛
For years, Pedro Gonzalez Sanchez has enjoyed
airplanes and flight simulators. However,
coming back to the simulator after a long
hiatus of not playing meant that he would
often forget the controls which led to
unwanted situations. As a solution, he came
up with the idea to build the PGS-2 Flight
Simulator Control Panel — a fully custom
external controller for DCS World Su-25T that
would house an array of buttons and switches
in an easily accessible format.
The enclosure was fabricated from several
sheets of white methacrylate plastic that
were then painted black and attached
together, thus forming a box. In order to
provide backlighting for the labels and
switches, the front panel was composed of
three separate layers that allow light to
pass through from the back. As for the
electronics, nearly every switch only has two
leads, of which one is connected to ground
while the other is pulled up internally by an
Arduino Leonardo board.
# § Mobile Systems/Mobile Applications⠀➾
# ⚓ Linux Capable ☛ How_to_Install_Android_Studio_on
Pop!_OS_22.04_LTS⠀⇛
# ⚓ How_to_View_and_Share_Wi-Fi_Passwords_on_Android⠀⇛
# ⚓ HowTo Geek ☛ How_to_Enable_Secure_Private_DNS_on
Android⠀⇛
# ⚓ Pocket Now ☛ Google_I/O_2022:_Android_13,_Pixel_6a,
Pixel_Watch,_and_what_else_to_expect_|_Pocketnow⠀⇛
# ⚓ Computer World ☛ 3_invisible_reasons_to_get_excited
about_Android_13_|_Computerworld⠀⇛
# ⚓ GSM Arena ☛ Moto_G100_receives_Android_12_update_–
comments⠀⇛
# ⚓ XDA ☛ Nokia_8.3_5G_receives_stable_Android_12_with
April_2022_security_patches⠀⇛
# ⚓ GSM Arena ☛ Nokia_8.3_5G_getting_stable_Android_12_–
GSMArena.com_news⠀⇛
# ⚓ Android Police ☛ You_won’t_be_able_to_upgrade_your
2022_Ford_to_Android_Automotive⠀⇛
# ⚓ Hacker News ☛ Google’s_New_Safety_Section_Shows_What
Data_Android_Apps_Collect_About_Users⠀⇛
# ⚓ Android Authority ☛ Wallpaper_Wednesday:_Android
wallpapers_2022-04-27_–_Android_Authority⠀⇛
# ⚓ India Times ☛ android:_Google_reportedly_rolling_out
this_new_feature_for_Android_Auto_users_–_Times_of
India⠀⇛
# ⚓ Paul Thurrott ☛ Google_Play_Store_on_Android_is
Getting_an_Data_Safety_Section⠀⇛
# ⚓ Android Police ☛ On-device_search_is_broken_in
Android_13_Beta_1,_but_it_could_mean_bigger_changes
down_the_road⠀⇛
# ⚓ 9to5Google ☛ Android_13_Beta_–_9to5Google⠀⇛
# ⚓ Phone Arena ☛ Face_Unlock_setting_appears_on_Pixel_6
Pro_after_Android_13_Beta_1_–_PhoneArena⠀⇛
# ⚓ Android Authority ☛ Android_13_beta_1_shows_face
unlock_on_Pixel_6_Pro,_but_there’s_a_catch⠀⇛
# ⚓ 9to5Google ☛ LineageOS_19_based_on_Android_12
officially_launches_–_9to5Google⠀⇛
# ⚓ GSM Arena ☛ Moto_G100_receives_Android_12_update_–
GSMArena.com_news⠀⇛
# ⚓ Kim Kommando ☛ Android_bug_causing_phone_battery
drain_–_Here’s_how_to_fix_it⠀⇛
# ⚓ How_to_use_the_Android_Power_Menu_–_Phandroid⠀⇛
# ⚓ 9to5Google ☛ Pixel_6_is_‘fastest_selling_Pixel_ever’
as_hardware_at_I/O_teased_–_9to5Google⠀⇛
# ⚓ Android Police ☛ Smart_Replies_come_to_Android_Auto,
they’re_just_not_smart_enough⠀⇛
# ⚓ The Register UK ☛ Alibaba_Cloud_gets_more_of_Android
working_on_RISC-V_silicon_•_The_Register⠀⇛
# ⚓ India ☛ Xiaomi_Pad_5_Android_Tablet_With_10.3-inch
Display_And_120Hz_Refresh_Rate_Launched_In_India:
Price,_Specifications⠀⇛
o § Free, Libre, and Open Source Software⠀➾
# ⚓ OpenSource.com ☛ How_I_grew_my_product_management_career
with_open_source⠀⇛

In simple terms, open source software is software
with source code that anyone can inspect, modify,
enhance, and share. Opensource.com has documented a
detailed and comprehensive article to help you
understand what open source is.
My discovery of open source started in the early
phase of my career as a visual designer. I was
curious to know what it meant and how to be a part
of it and that led me to reach out to a few
experienced open source contributors and advocates.
Though I didn’t contribute at the time, I acquired
knowledge of the community which helped me when I
made the decision to start contributing.
# ⚓ AddictiveTips ☛ 3_Best_Kodi_Addons_You_Should_Try⠀⇛
Kodi is a well-known open-source media player app.
Using this platform, users from all over the world
can stream various content free of cost.
It comes with countless options for streaming
movies, cartoons, anime, sports, and many more
high-definition video content on-demand. Besides,
it provides you with an opportunity to stream media
files from your local storage.
# ⚓ Ubuntu ☛ Open_source_technology_in_logistics_sector [Ed:
She calls GNU "Linux"...]⠀⇛
The word open source was first coined by Christine
Petersen to a working group that was dedicated,
with a goal to share open-source software practices
in the broader marketplace. The working group
values sharing of software for better use, cheaper
offering and preventing vendor lock-in. In addition
to these values, open-source projects, products, or
initiatives embrace and celebrate principles of
open exchange, collaborative participation, rapid
prototyping, transparency, meritocracy, and
community-oriented development.
A good example of open source is Linux, which
became the largest open-source software project in
the world. It is a free, open-source Operating
System (OS), released under the GNU General Public
Licence (GPL). Linux licence prevents restrictions
on the use of the software, anyone can run, study,
modify, and redistribute the source code, or even
sell copies of their modified code, as long as they
do so under the same licence.
# § Events⠀➾
# ⚓ Adriaan de Groot ☛ Linux_Application_Summit_2022⠀⇛
It’s happening! Yes, Linux App Summit (LAS)
2022, but more in particular a gradual return
to hybrid conferences – a mix of in-real-life
and virtual. I’m looking forward to seeing ..
no, more than just seeing, but touching ..
friends from GNOME, from KDE, from CHAOSS,
and the rest of the Free Software world
again. OK, “touching” sounds creepy. I’ll ask
consent first, which is the least I can do to
satisfy the Code of Conduct. Maybe I’ll check
the slides of the impromptu lightning talk I
gave in 2019 as well.
Going to a physical event feels weird. It
feels semi-safe. I know a lot of the people
there, I look up to many, I assume everyone
is smart, capable and looking out for the
good of the world-as-a-whole. Getting
together is not-quite-the-safest-thing-to-do.
Though it’s likely to be a dang lot safer
than regular train travel in the Netherlands,
where every precaution has been scrapped
because the pressure on health care is “low
enough”. Italy is still being fairly careful.
But enough about travel restrictions, let’s
look at the timetable.
# § Web Browsers⠀➾
# § Mozilla⠀➾
# ⚓ Write_kubectl_plugins_using_WebAssembly_and
WASI⠀⇛
You probably have already heard about
WebAssembly, but there are high chances
that happened in the context of Web
application development. There’s
however a new emerging trend that
consists of using WebAssembly outside
of the browser.
WebAssembly has many interesting
properties that make it great for
writing plugin systems or even
distributing small computational units
(think of FaaS).
WebAssembly is what is being used to
power Kubewarden, a project I created
almost two years ago at SUSE Rancher,
with the help of Rafa and other awesome
folks. This is where the majority of my
“blogging energies” have been focused.
# ⚓ Firefox_Nightly:_These_Weeks_In_Firefox:_Issue
114⠀⇛
# § Programming/Development⠀➾
# ⚓ Linux Links ☛ Best_Free_and_Open_Source_Alternatives
to_Oracle_JDeveloper⠀⇛

The company co-develops the OpenJDK, an open
source implementation of the Java Platform
Standard Edition, and Btrfs, a B-tree file
system. They also open source the Oracle
Coherence Community Edition, NetBeans, and
produce Oracle Linux which is a Linux distro
compiled from Red Hat Enterprise Linux source
code.
While Oracle develops and distributes open
source software, they have many different
business models. The majority of their
products are published under a proprietary
license. This series looks at free and open
source alternatives to Oracle’s products.
# ⚓ smolver_development_log⠀⇛
This is the sixth in a planned series of
posts (well, seventh if you count the
announcement) where I’ll share my experience
writing smolver, my Gemini server software,
written in Swift.
# ⚓ preserve⠀⇛
preserve is a combinator that caches the
result of a procedure for a given number of
seconds.
# ⚓ Exploring_StackRox⠀⇛
At the end of March, the source code to
StackRox was released, following the 2021
acquisition by Red Hat. StackRox is a
Kubernetes security tool which is now badged
as Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security (RHACS),
offering features such as vulnerability
management, validating cluster configurations
against CIS benchmarks, and some runtime
behaviour analysis. In fact, it’s such a
diverse range of features that I have trouble
getting my head round it from the product
page or even the documentation.
# ⚓ Qt ☛ Qt_Creator_7.0.1_released⠀⇛
We are happy to announce the release of Qt
Creator 7.0.1!
# ⚓ Daniel Stenberg ☛ curl_7.83.0_headers_bonanza⠀⇛
Welcome to the third curl release of the
year.
# § Perl/Raku⠀➾
# ⚓ Perl ☛ Installing_Perl_with_perlbrew⠀⇛
I’m going to start this blog by writing
a very simple guide on installing Perl
using perlbrew.
o § Standards/Consortia⠀➾
# ⚓ Supporting_metafile_formats:_WMF/EMF/EMF+⠀⇛
LibreOffice supports many file formats, and among
them are some raster and vector image formats from
Microsoft. Metafile formats WMF, EMF and EMF+ are
among the vector formats usable in Microsoft
products, and also in LibreOffice. Here we discuss
the implementation of the support for these file
formats in LibreOffice.
We call these file formats metafiles, as they are
means of storing drawing commands that are calls to
the Windows API that draws shapes and text on the
screen. It is possible to replay these metafiles to
have a graphical output in an appropriate context.
It is possible to create complex shapes using
metafiles. For example, if you take a look at the
odk/examples/basic/forms_and_controls folder in the
LibreOffice source code, you will see some nice
examples. Here is one of them: A delicious burger
created using vector primitives.
* § Leftovers⠀➾
o ⚓ Reverse_your_articles⠀⇛
If you are writing about a new idea, mechanic, or
technology, start with it. Talk about what it is before
you start contrasting it with what it isn’t. Start by
explaining the new thing and why the new thing is so
good.
If the reason the new thing is good is because it’s
different from an old bad thing, and you really, really
wanna contrast and compare in order to make it super
clear how much better the new thing is, I guess you can,
but please move that to the end of your article.
o § Hardware⠀➾
# ⚓ CNX Software ☛ Arm_Cortex-M85_is_faster_than_Cortex-M7,
offers_higher_ML_performance_than_Cortex-M55_–_CNX_Software⠀⇛
Arm has introduced a new MCU-class core with the
Cortex-M85 core that offers higher integer
performance than Cortex-M7, and higher machine
learning performance compared to Cortex-M55
equipped with Helium instructions.
The new Cortex-M85 core is designed for developers
requiring increased performance for their Cortex-
M powered products without going to Cortex-A cores,
and instead, keeping important features such as
determinism, short interrupt latencies, and
advanced low-power management modes found in all
Cortex-M cores.
o § Integrity/Availability⠀➾
# § Proprietary⠀➾
# ⚓ [Chrome]_Stable_Channel_Update_for_Desktop⠀⇛
# § Security⠀➾
# ⚓ Hacker News ☛ Microsoft_Discovers_New_Privilege
Escalation_Flaws_in_Linux_Operating_System [Ed:
Microsoft concern-trolling Linux while putting
NSA_back_doors_in_Windows]⠀⇛
Microsoft on Tuesday disclosed a set of
two privilege escalation
vulnerabilities in the Linux operating
system that could potentially allow
threat actors to carry out an array of
nefarious activities.
# ⚓ Microsoft_finds_Linux_desktop_flaw_that_gives
root_to_untrusted_users [Ed: As if local
privilege escalation is anywhere as severe as
remotely-reachable back doors in Windows.
Microsoft is "concerned" about Linux security
like wolves are concerned about the safety of
sheep.]⠀⇛
Vulnerabilities recently discovered by
Microsoft make it easy for people with
a toehold on many Linux desktop systems
to quickly gain root system rights— the
latest elevation of privileges flaw to
come to light in the open source OS.
# ⚓ Bleeping Computer ☛ New_Nimbuspwn_Linux
vulnerability_gives_hackers_root_privileges [Ed:
While CISA admits Microsoft is full of holes that
are actively exploited Microsoft and its faithful
media operative try to shift attention to
"Linux"]⠀⇛
Security researchers at Microsoft
disclosed the issues in a report today
noting that they can be chained
together to achieve root privileges on
a vulnerable system.
# ⚓ “Dirty_Pipe”_Linux_vulnerability_now_being
exploited [Ed: This was patched a very long time
ago; meanwhile, there are dozen of zero-day flaws
in Windows that are remotely exploitable, not
local privilege escalation]⠀⇛
The Linux vulnerability dubbed Dirty
Pipe is now being actively exploited in
the wild, CISA has confirmed. (Assigned
CVE-2022-0847 and first publicly
disclosed on March 7, the escalation of
privileges (EOP) vulnerability exists
in all Linux kernel versions from 5.8
forward and lets a read-only attacker
gain root.)
# ⚓ Russell Coker ☛ Russell_Coker:_PIN_for_Login
[Ed: Microsoft gives the NSA et al direct access
to PCs, so no "security" measures from Microsoft
should be taken seriously]⠀⇛
A PIN in concept is a shorter password.
I think that less secure methods of
screen unlocking (fingerprint, face
unlock, and a PIN) can be reasonably
used in less hostile environments. For
example if you go to the bathroom or to
get a drink in a relatively secure
environment like a typical home or
office you don’t need to enter a long
password afterwards. Having a short
password that works for short time
periods of screen locking and a long
password for longer times could be a
viable option.
It could also be an option to allow
short passwords when the device is in a
certain area (determined by GPS or Wifi
connection). Android devices have in
the past had options to disable
passwords when at home.
o § Civil Rights/Policing⠀➾
# ⚓ “As_important_as_water_is_to_life”:_How_internet_blackouts
stifled_Kashmir’s_digital_economy_–_Rest_of_World⠀⇛
The Indian government is a world leader in shutting
down the internet. Jammu and Kashmir has suffered
more than most.
o § Gemini/Internet Policy/Net Neutrality⠀➾
# ⚓ Gemini_already_has_better_UX_than_the_web_and_mobile⠀⇛
It’s true. Using pretty much any website actually
to get something done is now a significant hassle.
You have to deal with absurd delays between each
mouse click and the browser quiescing to the point
where it might be safe to make the next move, and
things just judder around uncontrollably and
incoherently on-screen, with no indication of
what’s going on.
# ⚓ urgent_ink_escapade_laziness,_and_a_webpage_full_of_2-4KB
JPEGs⠀⇛
Tomorrow at 4pm I have my occupational medicine
examination necessary for signing my job contract
on Monday. The referral for it needs to be printed
beforehand. There are shops where you can print
documents where they usually end up on the
business’s laptop thus forfeiting quite some
secrecy —
and I have two printers, an F4580 and an Ink
Advantage 3635 that are both yet in need of getting
an ink replacement after we got them for free.
The F4580 has replacement inks numbered “300″ and
the 3635 has HP ink boxes saying 652: F6V25AE BHK
and F6V24AE BHK.
# ⚓ Back_on_twtxt_with_an_atom_feed⠀⇛
Since, I am attracted to go back to networks like
Mastodon (or ActivityPub like). Community is great,
and I like to share with others.
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