history expansion

Reuse and expand the shell history in sh, bash, zsh, rbash and ksh.

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• Run the previous command as root (!! is replaced by the previous command):

sudo !!

• Run a command with the last argument of the previous command:

{command} !$

• Run a command with the first argument of the previous command:

{command} !^

• Run the Nth command of the history:

!{n}

• Run the command n lines back in the history:

!-{n}

• Run the most recent command containing string:

!?{string}?

• Run the previous command, replacing string1 with string2:

^{string1}^{string2}^

• Perform a history expansion, but print the command that would be run instead of actually running it:

{!-n}:p

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